764 lines
34 KiB
Markdown
764 lines
34 KiB
Markdown
|
== Henry VIII and the Counter Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- The English Reformation --
|
||
|
|
Henry VIII denounced the reformation
|
||
|
|
- Given the title "Defender of the Faith"
|
||
|
|
His #1 goal - beget a bale heir to solve the issue of succession
|
||
|
|
- His father had won the War of the Roses, a civil war in England over succession after past kings had left no clear heirs
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Wife #1 --
|
||
|
|
In 1509, Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon
|
||
|
|
- Widow of his older brother, daughter of the King and Queen of Spain, and aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
|
||
|
|
- In 18 years, they only had one child, a daughter - Mary, and a number of miscarriages and stillbirths
|
||
|
|
- Henry thought the marriage was cursed
|
||
|
|
- The union was forbidden and had required a special dispensation from the Pope
|
||
|
|
Henry was interesetd in Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting
|
||
|
|
- To marry her would require an annulment from the pope
|
||
|
|
- Charles V was holding the pope captive, and the marriage was 18 years old
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Acquiring Wife #2 --
|
||
|
|
Henry VIII convened the "Reformation Parliament"
|
||
|
|
- Recognized Henry as the head of church in England
|
||
|
|
- Placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction
|
||
|
|
- Also ended all payments to the laity in Rome
|
||
|
|
In 1533, he married the pregnant Anne Boleyn
|
||
|
|
- She soon gave birth to Elizabeth, and the Act of Succession made Anne's children legitimate heirs
|
||
|
|
Act of Supremacy - made henry the only supreme head of the Church of England in 1534
|
||
|
|
- In 1537, Anne was beheaded for treason and adultery, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Wife #3 and #4 --
|
||
|
|
Jane Seymour: 3rd wife
|
||
|
|
- Married her 11 days after he beheaded Anne Boleyn
|
||
|
|
- The only wife to provide him with a son, Edward VI
|
||
|
|
- Died 12 days later from complications from childbirth, Henry saw her as his best wife
|
||
|
|
Anne of Cleves: 4th wife
|
||
|
|
- Sister to a German Duke, their wedding was to unite the newly protestant England with German protestants
|
||
|
|
- Holbein was sent to England to paint her, brought back a beautiful portrait
|
||
|
|
- Henry agreed to marry her based on it, but she wasn't as beautiful in reality
|
||
|
|
- Divorced, but paid handsomely, stayed in England
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Wife #5 and #6 --
|
||
|
|
Katherine Howard
|
||
|
|
- Lady in waiting to Anne of Cleves
|
||
|
|
- Secretly seeing an old boyfriend and had previously been engaged
|
||
|
|
- Old boyfriends were tortured and killed, she was also beheaded after 18 months of marriage
|
||
|
|
Katherine Parr
|
||
|
|
- Married in 1543 (her third husband)
|
||
|
|
- Very religious, wrote some books on theology, stayed by his side until his death
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Mary I --
|
||
|
|
Catherine of Aragon's Daughter, a devout Catholic
|
||
|
|
- Tried to return England to the Catholic Church
|
||
|
|
- Many protestants protested
|
||
|
|
- She persecuted them, earning the name "Bloody Mary"
|
||
|
|
- Some chose exile and left, it is unknown how many died (Elizabeth also killed a similar number of Catholics during her reign)
|
||
|
|
She died childless in 1558
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Queen Elizabeth I --
|
||
|
|
Daughter of Anne Boleyn, inherited the throne after Mary's death
|
||
|
|
Re-established the protestant church and compromised with the Elizabethan settlement
|
||
|
|
- Kept Catholic ritual and hierarchy
|
||
|
|
- Bishops would handle the day to day affairs, would keep Catholic ritual and appearance
|
||
|
|
- Elizabeth was "supreme governor" over spiritual matters
|
||
|
|
- Ended the Pope's authority once and for all
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Religious Wars --
|
||
|
|
After the Hundred Years War, France had relative peace until the Reformation
|
||
|
|
Involved in a religious conflict against French Protestants known as the Huguenots
|
||
|
|
- The crown was caught in the power struggle between the Huguenots and the Guises (Militant Catholics)
|
||
|
|
- The Queen Mother convinced the French King Charles IX that there was a protestant conspiracy, only a swift execution of their leaders could prevent an attack on Paris
|
||
|
|
- St Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Huguenot leader and 3,000 other Huguenots killed in Paris
|
||
|
|
- Within 3 days, 20,000 protestants dead
|
||
|
|
- Huguenot and Catholic factions continued to battle
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Henry IV Brings Peace --
|
||
|
|
In 1589, Henry IV, a Huguenot came to the throne of France
|
||
|
|
- Willing to put political peace above religious unity
|
||
|
|
- the catholic league had the support of the Pope and the Spanish
|
||
|
|
- Opposed by Catholics for 4 years, then converted
|
||
|
|
- "Paris is worth a Mass"
|
||
|
|
Issued the Edict of Nantes to protect protestants
|
||
|
|
- Country remained officially catholic
|
||
|
|
- Granted Huguenots the right to public worship, right of assembly, admission to universities, and the right to build fortified towns
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Catholic Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Also known as the counter-reformation
|
||
|
|
- Reformers inside the church had been pushing change for years
|
||
|
|
- popes were afraid of being stripped of powers
|
||
|
|
- Many religious orders were established
|
||
|
|
Reformers began inside the church to restore its credibility and morality
|
||
|
|
- Begun in the 1530s by Pope Paul III
|
||
|
|
- Ended corruption in the papacy
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Council of Trent ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Initiated by Charles V and Pope Paul III
|
||
|
|
Begun in 1545 to decide what the reforms should look like
|
||
|
|
- Met for 20 years
|
||
|
|
- Reaffirmed traditiional Catholic beliefs
|
||
|
|
- Salvation does not come from good works
|
||
|
|
- Bible is not the only source of religious truth
|
||
|
|
- All 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints
|
||
|
|
- Tried to end abuses
|
||
|
|
- Stiff penalties for corruption
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Jesuits ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
A new order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
|
||
|
|
- A former crusader, he created a program of strict self discipline
|
||
|
|
- Emotional and spiritual exercises that taught mastery over one's feelings, perfect self control through practice
|
||
|
|
- Tried to defent the catholic church and spread the faith
|
||
|
|
- Advised catholic rulers
|
||
|
|
- Established schools that combined discipline with humanism
|
||
|
|
- Travelled to other continents like Africa, Asia, and the Americas to spread catholicism
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Teresa of Avila ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
At an early age, felt called to enter a Carmelite convent
|
||
|
|
- Dissatisfied with the discipline there, she left and founded her own order
|
||
|
|
- Afraid that her contact with her relatives and the outside world would make her unworthy of God's grace
|
||
|
|
- Her new order was isolated, dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation
|
||
|
|
Impressed with her own work, church authorities asked her to impose her reforms on other convents and monasteries
|
||
|
|
- she foundde many communities and reformed others
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Success of the Catholic Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Majority of Europeans remained Catholic
|
||
|
|
- Reformers won back protestant converts
|
||
|
|
- Over half converted back by the end of the 16th century
|
||
|
|
Church abuses were reduced, charity increased
|
||
|
|
Protestant churches did remain
|
||
|
|
- debate continued over the interpretations of Christianity
|
||
|
|
- in protestant cities, services were said in the vernacular, clergy could marry and were subject to taxes and civil courts
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Persecutions of the Reformations ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Witch hunts 1450-1750
|
||
|
|
- People believed in magic which could be done with the help of the devil
|
||
|
|
- anti christian
|
||
|
|
70-100 thousand people were sentenced to death for harmful magic or diabolical witchcraft
|
||
|
|
- Majority of the accused witches were women
|
||
|
|
- people who behaved in non-traditional ways were most often targeted
|
||
|
|
- Social outcasts, beggars, midwives and herbalists
|
||
|
|
Jews
|
||
|
|
- in the renaissance, many cities relegated the jews into ghettos
|
||
|
|
- under pressure to convert
|
||
|
|
- Luther called for jews who did not convert to his teachings to be expelled and their synagogues burned down
|
||
|
|
- Charles V would not allow them to settle new Spanish territories
|
||
|
|
- Many jews fled to the ottoman empire
|
||
|
|
== Henry VIII and the Counter Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- The English Reformation --
|
||
|
|
Henry VIII denounced the reformation
|
||
|
|
- Given the title "Defender of the Faith"
|
||
|
|
His #1 goal - beget a bale heir to solve the issue of succession
|
||
|
|
- His father had won the War of the Roses, a civil war in England over succession after past kings had left no clear heirs
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Wife #1 --
|
||
|
|
In 1509, Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon
|
||
|
|
- Widow of his older brother, daughter of the King and Queen of Spain, and aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
|
||
|
|
- In 18 years, they only had one child, a daughter - Mary, and a number of miscarriages and stillbirths
|
||
|
|
- Henry thought the marriage was cursed
|
||
|
|
- The union was forbidden and had required a special dispensation from the Pope
|
||
|
|
Henry was interesetd in Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting
|
||
|
|
- To marry her would require an annulment from the pope
|
||
|
|
- Charles V was holding the pope captive, and the marriage was 18 years old
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Acquiring Wife #2 --
|
||
|
|
Henry VIII convened the "Reformation Parliament"
|
||
|
|
- Recognized Henry as the head of church in England
|
||
|
|
- Placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction
|
||
|
|
- Also ended all payments to the laity in Rome
|
||
|
|
In 1533, he married the pregnant Anne Boleyn
|
||
|
|
- She soon gave birth to Elizabeth, and the Act of Succession made Anne's children legitimate heirs
|
||
|
|
Act of Supremacy - made henry the only supreme head of the Church of England in 1534
|
||
|
|
- In 1537, Anne was beheaded for treason and adultery, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Wife #3 and #4 --
|
||
|
|
Jane Seymour: 3rd wife
|
||
|
|
- Married her 11 days after he beheaded Anne Boleyn
|
||
|
|
- The only wife to provide him with a son, Edward VI
|
||
|
|
- Died 12 days later from complications from childbirth, Henry saw her as his best wife
|
||
|
|
Anne of Cleves: 4th wife
|
||
|
|
- Sister to a German Duke, their wedding was to unite the newly protestant England with German protestants
|
||
|
|
- Holbein was sent to England to paint her, brought back a beautiful portrait
|
||
|
|
- Henry agreed to marry her based on it, but she wasn't as beautiful in reality
|
||
|
|
- Divorced, but paid handsomely, stayed in England
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Wife #5 and #6 --
|
||
|
|
Katherine Howard
|
||
|
|
- Lady in waiting to Anne of Cleves
|
||
|
|
- Secretly seeing an old boyfriend and had previously been engaged
|
||
|
|
- Old boyfriends were tortured and killed, she was also beheaded after 18 months of marriage
|
||
|
|
Katherine Parr
|
||
|
|
- Married in 1543 (her third husband)
|
||
|
|
- Very religious, wrote some books on theology, stayed by his side until his death
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Mary I --
|
||
|
|
Catherine of Aragon's Daughter, a devout Catholic
|
||
|
|
- Tried to return England to the Catholic Church
|
||
|
|
- Many protestants protested
|
||
|
|
- She persecuted them, earning the name "Bloody Mary"
|
||
|
|
- Some chose exile and left, it is unknown how many died (Elizabeth also killed a similar number of Catholics during her reign)
|
||
|
|
She died childless in 1558
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Queen Elizabeth I --
|
||
|
|
Daughter of Anne Boleyn, inherited the throne after Mary's death
|
||
|
|
Re-established the protestant church and compromised with the Elizabethan settlement
|
||
|
|
- Kept Catholic ritual and hierarchy
|
||
|
|
- Bishops would handle the day to day affairs, would keep Catholic ritual and appearance
|
||
|
|
- Elizabeth was "supreme governor" over spiritual matters
|
||
|
|
- Ended the Pope's authority once and for all
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Religious Wars --
|
||
|
|
After the Hundred Years War, France had relative peace until the Reformation
|
||
|
|
Involved in a religious conflict against French Protestants known as the Huguenots
|
||
|
|
- The crown was caught in the power struggle between the Huguenots and the Guises (Militant Catholics)
|
||
|
|
- The Queen Mother convinced the French King Charles IX that there was a protestant conspiracy, only a swift execution of their leaders could prevent an attack on Paris
|
||
|
|
- St Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Huguenot leader and 3,000 other Huguenots killed in Paris
|
||
|
|
- Within 3 days, 20,000 protestants dead
|
||
|
|
- Huguenot and Catholic factions continued to battle
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Henry IV Brings Peace --
|
||
|
|
In 1589, Henry IV, a Huguenot came to the throne of France
|
||
|
|
- Willing to put political peace above religious unity
|
||
|
|
- the catholic league had the support of the Pope and the Spanish
|
||
|
|
- Opposed by Catholics for 4 years, then converted
|
||
|
|
- "Paris is worth a Mass"
|
||
|
|
Issued the Edict of Nantes to protect protestants
|
||
|
|
- Country remained officially catholic
|
||
|
|
- Granted Huguenots the right to public worship, right of assembly, admission to universities, and the right to build fortified towns
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Catholic Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Also known as the counter-reformation
|
||
|
|
- Reformers inside the church had been pushing change for years
|
||
|
|
- popes were afraid of being stripped of powers
|
||
|
|
- Many religious orders were established
|
||
|
|
Reformers began inside the church to restore its credibility and morality
|
||
|
|
- Begun in the 1530s by Pope Paul III
|
||
|
|
- Ended corruption in the papacy
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Council of Trent ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Initiated by Charles V and Pope Paul III
|
||
|
|
Begun in 1545 to decide what the reforms should look like
|
||
|
|
- Met for 20 years
|
||
|
|
- Reaffirmed traditiional Catholic beliefs
|
||
|
|
- Salvation does not come from good works
|
||
|
|
- Bible is not the only source of religious truth
|
||
|
|
- All 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints
|
||
|
|
- Tried to end abuses
|
||
|
|
- Stiff penalties for corruption
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Jesuits ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
A new order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
|
||
|
|
- A former crusader, he created a program of strict self discipline
|
||
|
|
- Emotional and spiritual exercises that taught mastery over one's feelings, perfect self control through practice
|
||
|
|
- Tried to defent the catholic church and spread the faith
|
||
|
|
- Advised catholic rulers
|
||
|
|
- Established schools that combined discipline with humanism
|
||
|
|
- Travelled to other continents like Africa, Asia, and the Americas to spread catholicism
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Teresa of Avila ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
At an early age, felt called to enter a Carmelite convent
|
||
|
|
- Dissatisfied with the discipline there, she left and founded her own order
|
||
|
|
- Afraid that her contact with her relatives and the outside world would make her unworthy of God's grace
|
||
|
|
- Her new order was isolated, dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation
|
||
|
|
Impressed with her own work, church authorities asked her to impose her reforms on other convents and monasteries
|
||
|
|
- she foundde many communities and reformed others
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Success of the Catholic Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Majority of Europeans remained Catholic
|
||
|
|
- Reformers won back protestant converts
|
||
|
|
- Over half converted back by the end of the 16th century
|
||
|
|
Church abuses were reduced, charity increased
|
||
|
|
Protestant churches did remain
|
||
|
|
- debate continued over the interpretations of Christianity
|
||
|
|
- in protestant cities, services were said in the vernacular, clergy could marry and were subject to taxes and civil courts
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Persecutions of the Reformations ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Witch hunts 1450-1750
|
||
|
|
- People believed in magic which could be done with the help of the devil
|
||
|
|
- anti christian
|
||
|
|
70-100 thousand people were sentenced to death for harmful magic or diabolical witchcraft
|
||
|
|
- Majority of the accused witches were women
|
||
|
|
- people who behaved in non-traditional ways were most often targeted
|
||
|
|
- Social outcasts, beggars, midwives and herbalists
|
||
|
|
Jews
|
||
|
|
- in the renaissance, many cities relegated the jews into ghettos
|
||
|
|
- under pressure to convert
|
||
|
|
- Luther called for jews who did not convert to his teachings to be expelled and their synagogues burned down
|
||
|
|
- Charles V would not allow them to settle new Spanish territories
|
||
|
|
- Many jews fled to the ottoman empire
|
||
|
|
== The Protestant Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Causes --
|
||
|
|
Humanists encouraged education
|
||
|
|
- Those who were educated became more ctirical of their institutions, including the Church
|
||
|
|
Clergy and church property were largely exempt from taxes, many laws, and civic obligations
|
||
|
|
- Did not have to participate in the military, city watch or be tried in civil court
|
||
|
|
The hierarchy of the church had become pre-occupied with secular affairs
|
||
|
|
- Controlled the papal states and fought wars to protect them
|
||
|
|
-Feuded with secular rulers over control of church offices
|
||
|
|
- Popes led lavish lives like contemporary kinds
|
||
|
|
The Church required money for war, construction, and to support the lifestyle of some of the clergy
|
||
|
|
Raised the money in several ways
|
||
|
|
- Increased fees for services
|
||
|
|
- "Sold" indulgences
|
||
|
|
- After absolution, a person still must do penance for their sins
|
||
|
|
- If not enough is done in this life, one pays for it in purgatory after death
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Martin Luther --
|
||
|
|
Well educated son of a miner
|
||
|
|
- His parents wanted him to be a lawyer but he entered the Order of Saint Augustine instead
|
||
|
|
- Ordained in 1507, he travelled to Rome where he saw many things that disillusioned him about
|
||
|
|
Luther struggled with his own sinfulness and the perfect righteousness necessary for salvation
|
||
|
|
- Came up with the idea of "justification by faith alone" by 1518 (sola fide)
|
||
|
|
- Salvation did not come from charitable acts or reigious ceremonies but from full trust in Jesus Christ
|
||
|
|
- God is pleased with good works, but it has no bearing on whether or not he bestows eternal life
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Luther v Tetzel --
|
||
|
|
In 1517, Pope Leo X revived a Jubilee Indulgence
|
||
|
|
- It would forgive all outstanding un-repented sins upon the completion of certain acts
|
||
|
|
- The funds were put toward building the Cathedral of Peter in Rome
|
||
|
|
Johann Tetzel was sent to sell those indulgences in Germany
|
||
|
|
- He advertized them as a way to be free from future guilt or free relatives from purgatory
|
||
|
|
- Did not ask for repentance
|
||
|
|
Luther was outraged by Tetzel's claims
|
||
|
|
- Believed that Tetzel's sale of indulgences made it appear thayt salvation was something that could be bought and sold
|
||
|
|
- Wrote the 95 Theses and nailed them to the doors of the church in Wittenbrg, argued that
|
||
|
|
- Indulgences were not based on the Bible
|
||
|
|
- Pope did not have the authority to free souls from purgatory
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Reaction to the Theses --
|
||
|
|
Copies of the 95 Theses were printed and distributed throughout Europe
|
||
|
|
- A debate was scheduled between Luther and Tetzel
|
||
|
|
- In the debate, Luther went even further, challenging the Treasury of Merit and the Pope's authority in other areas
|
||
|
|
The Church asked Luther to recant
|
||
|
|
- Luther's calls became even more extreme
|
||
|
|
- At first, he had only meant to reform the Catholic Church
|
||
|
|
- Later, he called christians to reject the Pope's authority and that the Church could only be reformed from the outside
|
||
|
|
- Asserted the authority of scripture alone
|
||
|
|
- Called the Pope the Antichrist
|
||
|
|
In 1521, Leo X gave him 60 days to recant, then excommunicated him
|
||
|
|
Peace of Augsburg
|
||
|
|
It allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||
|
|
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Elizabethan Settlement
|
||
|
|
It allowed Catholics to practice their faith, while ending Papal authority in England
|
||
|
|
Who it protected: Catholics
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Edict of Nantes
|
||
|
|
It ensured rights of Protestants, such as the right to public assembly and worship
|
||
|
|
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||
|
|
=== 13 === REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARS ===
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Chronology
|
||
|
|
1517 - Martin Luther writes "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"
|
||
|
|
1521 - Diet of Worms
|
||
|
|
1521-1559 - Habsburg-Valois wars
|
||
|
|
1525 - German Peasants' War
|
||
|
|
1526 - Turkish victory at Mohacs, which allows spread of protestantism in Hungary
|
||
|
|
1530s - Henry VIII ends the authority of the pope in England
|
||
|
|
1535 - Angela Merici establishes the Ursulines as the first women's teaching order
|
||
|
|
1536 - John Calvin publishes "The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
|
||
|
|
1540 - Papal approval of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
|
||
|
|
1542 - Pope Paul III establishes the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition
|
||
|
|
1545-1563 - Council of Trent
|
||
|
|
1553-1558 - Reign of Mary Tudor and temporary restoration of Catholicism in England
|
||
|
|
1555 - Peace of Augsburg; official recognition of Lutheranism
|
||
|
|
1558-1603 - Reign of Elizabeth in England
|
||
|
|
1560-1660 - Height of the European witch-hunt
|
||
|
|
1568-1578 - Civil War in the Netherlands
|
||
|
|
1572 - Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
|
||
|
|
1588 - England defeats Spanish Armada
|
||
|
|
1598 - Edict of Nantes
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Europeans in the early 1500s were deeply pious
|
||
|
|
Examples:
|
||
|
|
- Processions
|
||
|
|
- Pilgrimages
|
||
|
|
- Paying for altars
|
||
|
|
- Praying for the church
|
||
|
|
- Devoting time and money
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Due to this piety many were critical of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy
|
||
|
|
Church had a damaged reputation due to:
|
||
|
|
- Papal conflict with German Emperor Frederick II in the 1200s
|
||
|
|
- Babylonian captivity
|
||
|
|
- Great Schism
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
People criticized:
|
||
|
|
- Papal tax collection
|
||
|
|
- The papacy itself
|
||
|
|
- Church hierarchy
|
||
|
|
- Church wealth
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Some argued that certain doctrines were incorrect
|
||
|
|
These people wanted to reform institutions, educate clergy more, regulare clerical behavior, and alter doctrines
|
||
|
|
These efforts saw success in Bohemia, where a church independent from Rome existed a century before the reformation
|
||
|
|
Anti-clerical ideas rampant
|
||
|
|
- Some priests were corrupt and did not live according to doctrine
|
||
|
|
Priests held multiple offices but did not uphold their spiritual responsibilities and simply collected money
|
||
|
|
Priests, monks, and nuns exempt from civil responsibility, yet religious orders held large swaths of property
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Martin Luther ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Criticism alone did not cause the reformation, instead the religious struggle of Martin Luther did
|
||
|
|
-- Martin Luther --
|
||
|
|
Born in Saxony
|
||
|
|
Earned a master's degree at University of Erfurt
|
||
|
|
Originally wanted to be a lawyer, instead became an Augustinian friar
|
||
|
|
Ordained 1507
|
||
|
|
Professor at Univ. of Wittenberg
|
||
|
|
Had religious OCD (scrupulosity)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Luther's doctrines included:
|
||
|
|
Scripture alone (sola scriptura)
|
||
|
|
Faith alone (sola fide)
|
||
|
|
Grace alone (sola gratia)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Indulgences: a document issued by the church lessening penance or time in purgatory
|
||
|
|
Johann Tetzel: Dominican friar who said those who bought indulgences would have all of their sins forgiven
|
||
|
|
Luther wrote "Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" in 1517
|
||
|
|
Nailed to Wittenberg castle's church door
|
||
|
|
Luther utilized printing press to spread these ideas
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Charles V called the Diet of Worms to make Luther recant
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Protestant Thought ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli taught scripture alone
|
||
|
|
The word "protestant" derives from the protest of a small group of German princes
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
CATHOLIC VS PROTESTANT
|
||
|
|
Salvation:
|
||
|
|
Catholics: Faith and good works
|
||
|
|
Protestants: Faith alone
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Authority:
|
||
|
|
Catholics: Scripture and tradition
|
||
|
|
Protestants: Scripture alone
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Protestants believe the church is a spiritual fellowhood of all believers
|
||
|
|
Catholics believe in transubstantiation
|
||
|
|
Lutherans believe that Christ is present in the bread and wine through God's mystery
|
||
|
|
Zwingli held that the Eucharist was merely a remembrance
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Appeal of Protestant Ideas ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Luther advocated a simple religion based on faith and a return to the early church
|
||
|
|
Everyone should read scripture
|
||
|
|
Scholars attribute Luther's fame to the printing press
|
||
|
|
Luther and Zwingli wanted political authority to accept the reformation
|
||
|
|
Luther worked with Saxon nobility
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Radical Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Anabaptists: rebaptizers, those who advocated adult baptism
|
||
|
|
Some groups wanted communal ownership and rejected "unbiblical living"
|
||
|
|
Anabaptists banished, beaten, burned, or drowned
|
||
|
|
Radical reformers called for social and religious change
|
||
|
|
Luther wanted to prevent rebellion
|
||
|
|
Freedom for Luther meant independence from Catholic authority
|
||
|
|
German Peasants' War of 1525 stregnthened authority of lay rulers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Protestant reformers married
|
||
|
|
Expected to be models of obedience and charity
|
||
|
|
Women asked to be cheerful in obedience
|
||
|
|
Protestants saw marriage as a contract
|
||
|
|
Protestants allowed divorce
|
||
|
|
Reformation had a positive impact on marriage
|
||
|
|
Reformation brought about the closing of monasteries and convents, marriage was the only option for protestant women
|
||
|
|
Women not allowed in clergy, but allowed to make policy
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Marriage used to create alliances
|
||
|
|
Habsburgs became international power
|
||
|
|
Marriage of Maximilian and Mary angered France
|
||
|
|
Charles V inherited Holy Roman Empire
|
||
|
|
Charles V strongly anti protestant
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ruler determined religious practice in his land
|
||
|
|
A treary in switzerland allowed religious freedom and ordered neutrality
|
||
|
|
Charles V called a diet in Augsburg in 1530
|
||
|
|
Habsburg-Valois wars (1521-1559) were fought in Italy and Germany
|
||
|
|
Charles V fighting for religious unity and centralized state
|
||
|
|
in 1555 Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which formally recognized Lutheranism, and let princes choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||
|
|
Ended religious wars in Germany
|
||
|
|
John Calvin had a profound influence
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== England ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Reformation in England had economic and political reasons
|
||
|
|
Henry wanted an annulment for his marriage, but did not get it
|
||
|
|
Henry removed papal jurisdiction from England and made himself supreme head of the Church in England
|
||
|
|
English church retained catholic practices
|
||
|
|
Church land came under crown rule
|
||
|
|
England transformed into a modern state
|
||
|
|
Most clergy complacent, but some started the Pilgrimage of Grace, largest rebellion in English history
|
||
|
|
Ireland was strongly catholic
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Upholding protestantism in England ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Protestant ideas influenced life strongly
|
||
|
|
Book of common prayer approved by parliament
|
||
|
|
Mary Tudor ruled briefly and attempted to bring back Catholicism
|
||
|
|
Elizabeth succeeded Mary and brought about religious stability
|
||
|
|
Some wanted more elements of Catholicism in the Church of England
|
||
|
|
Others wanted none at all: Puritans
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Calvinism ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
John Calvin born in 1509
|
||
|
|
Converted to protestantism
|
||
|
|
Taught predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who wouldn't
|
||
|
|
Set up theocracy in Geneva
|
||
|
|
Became a model for reformers across Europe
|
||
|
|
== The Protestant Reformation ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Causes --
|
||
|
|
Humanists encouraged education
|
||
|
|
- Those who were educated became more ctirical of their institutions, including the Church
|
||
|
|
Clergy and church property were largely exempt from taxes, many laws, and civic obligations
|
||
|
|
- Did not have to participate in the military, city watch or be tried in civil court
|
||
|
|
The hierarchy of the church had become pre-occupied with secular affairs
|
||
|
|
- Controlled the papal states and fought wars to protect them
|
||
|
|
-Feuded with secular rulers over control of church offices
|
||
|
|
- Popes led lavish lives like contemporary kinds
|
||
|
|
The Church required money for war, construction, and to support the lifestyle of some of the clergy
|
||
|
|
Raised the money in several ways
|
||
|
|
- Increased fees for services
|
||
|
|
- "Sold" indulgences
|
||
|
|
- After absolution, a person still must do penance for their sins
|
||
|
|
- If not enough is done in this life, one pays for it in purgatory after death
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Martin Luther --
|
||
|
|
Well educated son of a miner
|
||
|
|
- His parents wanted him to be a lawyer but he entered the Order of Saint Augustine instead
|
||
|
|
- Ordained in 1507, he travelled to Rome where he saw many things that disillusioned him about
|
||
|
|
Luther struggled with his own sinfulness and the perfect righteousness necessary for salvation
|
||
|
|
- Came up with the idea of "justification by faith alone" by 1518 (sola fide)
|
||
|
|
- Salvation did not come from charitable acts or reigious ceremonies but from full trust in Jesus Christ
|
||
|
|
- God is pleased with good works, but it has no bearing on whether or not he bestows eternal life
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Luther v Tetzel --
|
||
|
|
In 1517, Pope Leo X revived a Jubilee Indulgence
|
||
|
|
- It would forgive all outstanding un-repented sins upon the completion of certain acts
|
||
|
|
- The funds were put toward building the Cathedral of Peter in Rome
|
||
|
|
Johann Tetzel was sent to sell those indulgences in Germany
|
||
|
|
- He advertized them as a way to be free from future guilt or free relatives from purgatory
|
||
|
|
- Did not ask for repentance
|
||
|
|
Luther was outraged by Tetzel's claims
|
||
|
|
- Believed that Tetzel's sale of indulgences made it appear thayt salvation was something that could be bought and sold
|
||
|
|
- Wrote the 95 Theses and nailed them to the doors of the church in Wittenbrg, argued that
|
||
|
|
- Indulgences were not based on the Bible
|
||
|
|
- Pope did not have the authority to free souls from purgatory
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
-- Reaction to the Theses --
|
||
|
|
Copies of the 95 Theses were printed and distributed throughout Europe
|
||
|
|
- A debate was scheduled between Luther and Tetzel
|
||
|
|
- In the debate, Luther went even further, challenging the Treasury of Merit and the Pope's authority in other areas
|
||
|
|
The Church asked Luther to recant
|
||
|
|
- Luther's calls became even more extreme
|
||
|
|
- At first, he had only meant to reform the Catholic Church
|
||
|
|
- Later, he called christians to reject the Pope's authority and that the Church could only be reformed from the outside
|
||
|
|
- Asserted the authority of scripture alone
|
||
|
|
- Called the Pope the Antichrist
|
||
|
|
In 1521, Leo X gave him 60 days to recant, then excommunicated him
|
||
|
|
Peace of Augsburg
|
||
|
|
It allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||
|
|
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Elizabethan Settlement
|
||
|
|
It allowed Catholics to practice their faith, while ending Papal authority in England
|
||
|
|
Who it protected: Catholics
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Edict of Nantes
|
||
|
|
It ensured rights of Protestants, such as the right to public assembly and worship
|
||
|
|
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||
|
|
=== 13 === REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARS ===
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Chronology
|
||
|
|
1517 - Martin Luther writes "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"
|
||
|
|
1521 - Diet of Worms
|
||
|
|
1521-1559 - Habsburg-Valois wars
|
||
|
|
1525 - German Peasants' War
|
||
|
|
1526 - Turkish victory at Mohacs, which allows spread of protestantism in Hungary
|
||
|
|
1530s - Henry VIII ends the authority of the pope in England
|
||
|
|
1535 - Angela Merici establishes the Ursulines as the first women's teaching order
|
||
|
|
1536 - John Calvin publishes "The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
|
||
|
|
1540 - Papal approval of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
|
||
|
|
1542 - Pope Paul III establishes the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition
|
||
|
|
1545-1563 - Council of Trent
|
||
|
|
1553-1558 - Reign of Mary Tudor and temporary restoration of Catholicism in England
|
||
|
|
1555 - Peace of Augsburg; official recognition of Lutheranism
|
||
|
|
1558-1603 - Reign of Elizabeth in England
|
||
|
|
1560-1660 - Height of the European witch-hunt
|
||
|
|
1568-1578 - Civil War in the Netherlands
|
||
|
|
1572 - Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
|
||
|
|
1588 - England defeats Spanish Armada
|
||
|
|
1598 - Edict of Nantes
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Europeans in the early 1500s were deeply pious
|
||
|
|
Examples:
|
||
|
|
- Processions
|
||
|
|
- Pilgrimages
|
||
|
|
- Paying for altars
|
||
|
|
- Praying for the church
|
||
|
|
- Devoting time and money
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Due to this piety many were critical of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy
|
||
|
|
Church had a damaged reputation due to:
|
||
|
|
- Papal conflict with German Emperor Frederick II in the 1200s
|
||
|
|
- Babylonian captivity
|
||
|
|
- Great Schism
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
People criticized:
|
||
|
|
- Papal tax collection
|
||
|
|
- The papacy itself
|
||
|
|
- Church hierarchy
|
||
|
|
- Church wealth
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Some argued that certain doctrines were incorrect
|
||
|
|
These people wanted to reform institutions, educate clergy more, regulare clerical behavior, and alter doctrines
|
||
|
|
These efforts saw success in Bohemia, where a church independent from Rome existed a century before the reformation
|
||
|
|
Anti-clerical ideas rampant
|
||
|
|
- Some priests were corrupt and did not live according to doctrine
|
||
|
|
Priests held multiple offices but did not uphold their spiritual responsibilities and simply collected money
|
||
|
|
Priests, monks, and nuns exempt from civil responsibility, yet religious orders held large swaths of property
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Martin Luther ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Criticism alone did not cause the reformation, instead the religious struggle of Martin Luther did
|
||
|
|
-- Martin Luther --
|
||
|
|
Born in Saxony
|
||
|
|
Earned a master's degree at University of Erfurt
|
||
|
|
Originally wanted to be a lawyer, instead became an Augustinian friar
|
||
|
|
Ordained 1507
|
||
|
|
Professor at Univ. of Wittenberg
|
||
|
|
Had religious OCD (scrupulosity)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Luther's doctrines included:
|
||
|
|
Scripture alone (sola scriptura)
|
||
|
|
Faith alone (sola fide)
|
||
|
|
Grace alone (sola gratia)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Indulgences: a document issued by the church lessening penance or time in purgatory
|
||
|
|
Johann Tetzel: Dominican friar who said those who bought indulgences would have all of their sins forgiven
|
||
|
|
Luther wrote "Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" in 1517
|
||
|
|
Nailed to Wittenberg castle's church door
|
||
|
|
Luther utilized printing press to spread these ideas
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Charles V called the Diet of Worms to make Luther recant
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== Protestant Thought ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli taught scripture alone
|
||
|
|
The word "protestant" derives from the protest of a small group of German princes
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
CATHOLIC VS PROTESTANT
|
||
|
|
Salvation:
|
||
|
|
Catholics: Faith and good works
|
||
|
|
Protestants: Faith alone
|
||
|
|
Authority:
|
||
|
|
Catholics: Scripture and tradition
|
||
|
|
Protestants: Scripture alone
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Protestants believe the church is a spiritual fellowhood of all believers
|
||
|
|
Catholics believe in transubstantiation
|
||
|
|
Lutherans believe that Christ is present in the bread and wine through God's mystery
|
||
|
|
Zwingli held that the Eucharist was merely a remembrance
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
== The Appeal of Protestant Ideas ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Luther advocated a simple religion based on faith and a return to the early church
|
||
|
|
Everyone should read scripture
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Scholars attribute Luther's fame to the printing press
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Luther and Zwingli wanted political authority to accept the reformation
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Luther worked with Saxon nobility
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== Radical Reformation ==
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Anabaptists: rebaptizers, those who advocated adult baptism
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Some groups wanted communal ownership and rejected "unbiblical living"
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Anabaptists banished, beaten, burned, or drowned
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Radical reformers called for social and religious change
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Luther wanted to prevent rebellion
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Freedom for Luther meant independence from Catholic authority
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German Peasants' War of 1525 stregnthened authority of lay rulers
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== Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women ==
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Protestant reformers married
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Expected to be models of obedience and charity
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Women asked to be cheerful in obedience
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Protestants saw marriage as a contract
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Protestants allowed divorce
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Reformation had a positive impact on marriage
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Reformation brought about the closing of monasteries and convents, marriage was the only option for protestant women
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Women not allowed in clergy, but allowed to make policy
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== Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty ==
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Marriage used to create alliances
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Habsburgs became international power
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Marriage of Maximilian and Mary angered France
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Charles V inherited Holy Roman Empire
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Charles V strongly anti protestant
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== Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany ==
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Ruler determined religious practice in his land
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A treary in switzerland allowed religious freedom and ordered neutrality
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Charles V called a diet in Augsburg in 1530
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Habsburg-Valois wars (1521-1559) were fought in Italy and Germany
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Charles V fighting for religious unity and centralized state
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in 1555 Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which formally recognized Lutheranism, and let princes choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
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Ended religious wars in Germany
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John Calvin had a profound influence
|
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== England ==
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Reformation in England had economic and political reasons
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Henry wanted an annulment for his marriage, but did not get it
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Henry removed papal jurisdiction from England and made himself supreme head of the Church in England
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English church retained catholic practices
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Church land came under crown rule
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England transformed into a modern state
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Most clergy complacent, but some started the Pilgrimage of Grace, largest rebellion in English history
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Ireland was strongly catholic
|
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== Upholding protestantism in England ==
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Protestant ideas influenced life strongly
|
||
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Book of common prayer approved by parliament
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Mary Tudor ruled briefly and attempted to bring back Catholicism
|
||
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Elizabeth succeeded Mary and brought about religious stability
|
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Some wanted more elements of Catholicism in the Church of England
|
||
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Others wanted none at all: Puritans
|
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== Calvinism ==
|
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John Calvin born in 1509
|
||
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Converted to protestantism
|
||
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Taught predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who wouldn't
|
||
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Set up theocracy in Geneva
|
||
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Became a model for reformers across Europe
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