290 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
290 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
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MING
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- Primarily Chinese
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- Open trade with Europe (conditional)
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- Time of year
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- Can only trade in Macao
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- Under trade supervision
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- 1st example of capitalism
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- Don't want European goods
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- Want European gold instead
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QING
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- Primarily Mongolian
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- Want European crops (wheat, corn, barley)
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== European Colonies in North America ==
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Did not encounter large, unified empires of Native Americans
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- Many were aided by the Natives
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Did not have easy access to precious metals
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- Had to focus on using other natural resources like wood, fish, fur, and farming
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Established later, beginning in the 1600s
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== France and England Get In On The Action ==
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New France
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- France sent explorers to North America
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- Jacques Cartier explored the St Lawrence River
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- Claimed it for France
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- Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent French colony in Quebec in 1608
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- Found trading fur and fishing was more profitable than farming
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- Population grew slowly
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English Colonies
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- Focused on the Atlantic Coast
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- First permanent settlement in Virginia at Jamestown
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- Starvation and disease a threat
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- Began growing cash-crops like tobacco
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- Unlike the French colonies, some English came for religious freedom
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- Pilgrims arrived in the 1620s, signed the mayflower compact
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- Different economies developed according to the region
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== French and Indian War ==
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England and France both wanted control of the Ohio River Valley
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- French built a fort, English militia attacked
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- Both sides rallied Native Americans for support
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- The British defeated the French when they captured Quebec
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Results: Treaty of Paris
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- Britain got all of Canada from the French and Florida from the Spanish
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- Spain got the Louisiana Purchase
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- New France disappeared
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== The Age of Early European Explorations and Conquests ==
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-- Earlier Explorations --
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1. Islam & the Spice Trade -> Malacca
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2. A New Player -> Europe
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- Marco Polo, 1271
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- Expansion becomes a state enterprise -> monarchs had the authority & the resources
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- Better seaworthy ships
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-- Motives for European Exploration --
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1. Crusades -> by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
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2. Renaissance -> curiosity about other lands and peoples
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3. Reformation -> refugees & missionaries
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4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
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5. Techbological advances
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-- 3 G's of Exploration --
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- God, Gold, and Glory
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- God: Many of the people in unexplored lands were "heathens" who could be converted to Christianity
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- Gold: New routes and land meant riches for the people and countries who discovered them
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- Glory: Great fame for the explorers
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-- New Maritime Technologies --
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Hartman Astrolabe
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Better Maps
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Sextant
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Mariner's Compass
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Caravel - Portuguese ship
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Flintlock pistols
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-- Prince Henry, the Navigator --
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School for Navigation, 1419
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-- Portuguese Maritime Empire --
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1. Exploring the west coast of Africa
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2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487
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3. Vasco da Gama, 1498
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- Calicut
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4 Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511)
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== Pre-Columbian Civilizations ==
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Olmec
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V
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Maya
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V
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Aztec
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Mayans
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- Location: Yucatan Peninsula
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- Tropical climate, used slash and burn agriculture
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Classic period from 250 AD to 900 AD
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- Made up of many city-states, was run by a hereditary king
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- Fought with each other for territory and power
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== Mayan Culture ==
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Beauty
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- Prized flat foreheads and pointy teeth
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Accurate calendar
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- The most sophisticated in the ancient world
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- Accomplished astronomers as well, could accurately predict eclipses and other events
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Polytheistic
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- Worshipped nature gods and practiced human sacrifice
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Most advanced writing system in the New World
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== Trade and downfall ==
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Mayans traded extensively
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- especially cocoa beans
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- mostly by sea
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- evidence of goods from halfway across the globe
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Cities abandoned
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- around 900 AD
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- drought, overpopulation, exhaustion of resources and warfare
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- 1 million people still speak Mayan languages
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== Aztecs ==
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Location
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- Controlled an empire in south-central Mexico
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- Major city Tenochtitlan in the same place as Mexico City
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- Saw an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its mouth
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- Farme dcorn, beans, squash, potatoes, etc
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Height of power: 1400s and 1500s
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- Warlike culture helped them conquer nearby groups and demanded tribute from them
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- 500 small states with 5-6 million people
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== Culture ==
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Bustling market places were at the center of the economy
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- 50,000 people came out on major market days
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Religion
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- Polytheistic, a weak sun-god Nanauatl
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- Aztecs believed they had to make sacrafices to keep him moving
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- Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, created man
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- Fair skinned, light eyes and red hair, Aztecs believed he would come again
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== Cortes defeats the Aztecs ==
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As a landowner in Cuba, he heard about wealth in Mexico
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- Went for the 3 G's
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- God, gold, and glory
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Aided by Malinche
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- Native American, born to a chief and well educated
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- Given as a slave to Cortes
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- Played a key role in Spanish history
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- Her name is synonomous with traitor in Mexico
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== Cortes took advantage of disunity ==
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Many groups were unhappy with their Aztec overlords
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- Malinche was aware of this problem and told Cortes
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- Cortes made alliances
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Malinche also set up a meeting with Moctezuma
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- Moctezuma thought the Spanish may have been gods
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- Gave them lavish gifts, housed them in the palace
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Cortes imprisoned Moctezuma in his own palace
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- Under Alvarado, the Spanish killed the Aztecs during a religious festival
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- Smallpox also decimated the Aztecs
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By 1521, the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and killed the last emperor
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== The Inca ==
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Location: the Andes Mountains of Chile and Peru
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- Used terrace farming, naturally rich in gold and silver
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Advanced architecture
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- Withstood high altitude and natural disasters
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- No mortar used
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- 14,000 miles of road
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Unique communication
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- Through a series of knotted ropes
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== History repeats itself ==
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Stories of a gold rich kingdom attracted conquistador Pizarro
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- The Inca King Atahualpa was tricked into a "peaceful meeting"
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- He was then kidnapped by Pizarro and his men for random
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- Aatahualpa's people paid the equivalent of 50 million dollars
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- The spanish strangled him anyway
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== Effects of the conquestadors ==
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Huge new Empire for Spain
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- Great wealth and power as well
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Massive loss of life for Natives
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- Many doubted their gods
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- Survivors were enslaved
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Forever changed the cultural and economic landscape
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== Portugal Establishes Trading Posts ==
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- Sailed around Africa to access the spice islands
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- Built coastal forts
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- Why?
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- A place to stop, repair, and restock
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- Trade for ivory, gold, slaves, etc
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- Not colonies, just forts
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- Took over trade in existing cities
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- Mombasa and Malindi, expelled Arabs
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- Did not go inland
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- Limited knowledge and resources
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- Repelled by Africans
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- As a result, the Portuguese Empire declined by 1600
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== From Spices to Slaves ==
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- Slaves have been used for centuries by peoples all over the world
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- in the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans became involved with the African Slave Trade
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- Why?
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- Profitable
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- Labor needed on plantations in the New World
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== How did Europeans obtain Slaves? ==
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- African groups on the coast would go to war with groups inside Africa
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- Captives/enemies would be captured and sold at the coast
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- Europeans would give them textiles, rum, tobacco, and most importantly weapons and gunpowder
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== African Resistance ==
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- Affonso I: King of Kongo
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- Brought Christianity to the Kongo but could not end the slave trade
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- Religious leader of the Futa Toro forbade the transport of slaves through their land
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- Traders used a new route, slaves were sold just as easily
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- Ex: Oyo Empire
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- Built an army using slave trade wealth, used it to conquer neighboring peoples
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== Outher countries follow Portugal's example ==
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- The Dutch established a permanent settlement in Cape Town (S. Africa)
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- Religion led them to see africans as inferior
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- CALVINISTS (believed they were the chosen ones)
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- French set up a fort in W. Africa by 1700
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- England sponsored exploration in Africa along the Nile
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== Portugal builds their empire in the east ==
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- Portuguese explorers had been the first to find a sea route to India
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- Also the first to seize control there
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- Mughal Empire (Muslims) controlled N. India
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- Albuquerque and other Portuguese explorers made alliances with the southern Indian princes
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- Took control of the island of Goa and Malacca
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- Portugal created a trading empire by building "outposts"
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- Controlled the spice trade in the 1500s
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- Attempted to convert the natives, but harsh methods were not successful
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== The Dutch ==
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- From the Netherlands, a small country in Northern Europe
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- A successful voyage in 1599 led the Dutch to increase trading
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- Their settlement at Cape Town gave them access to the Spice Islands
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- Dutch East India Company was formed
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- Had the power to control its ports and negotiations unlike other traders
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- Dominated the region
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- The Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese
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- Opened trade with China
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- Had a monopoly on spice island trade in the 1600s
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- Declined when the power of England and France grew
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== The Spanish ==
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- Magellan had claimed the Philippines on his voyage around the globe
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- The islands were not united, easily conquered
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- Named for King Philip II of Spain
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- Missionaries tried to convert them to Catholicism
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- Acted as a link for Spanish trade
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- Silver from American colonies traded for Chinese goods
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== Mughals Fall, British Rise ==
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- A number of factors weakened the Mughal
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- Civil war, corruption
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- The French and British both established East India Companies like the Dutch
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- Also raised armies of sepoys
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- British eventually control india
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