56 lines
2.5 KiB
Markdown
56 lines
2.5 KiB
Markdown
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# {} Effects and Background
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## == Effects of the Scientific Revolution ==
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People looked at the world in a new way
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- Believed in the power of the human mind and the rationality of the physical world
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- Expanded knowledge solved old problems in science
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If natural laws applied to science, why not societal problems?
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# {} Thinkers
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## == The Birth of the Social Sciences ==
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Growth of the print culture
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- People were expected to be more and more well read
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Scientific laws applied to human behavior and societal problems
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- People began to study it like science
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- Psychology, sociology, economics, etc
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Immanuel Kant used the word "enlightenment" to describe the change
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## == Thomas Hobbes ==
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The Earliest of the enlightenment thinkers
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- Spent a lot of time with prominent scientists
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Wrote *Leviathan*, he outlined his view of the inherent nature of man
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- In the natural condition, man is cruel, greedy, and selfish
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- All our behavior is driven by the drive to increase pleasure and minimize pain
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If not controlled, people would destroy each other
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In order to escape this eventuality, we enter into a social contract
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- People give up their freedom (personal rights) to live in an ordered society
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- A power government is necessary
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- His preference - absolute monarchy: the dangers of anarchy are greater than tyranny
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## == John Locke ==
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A contemporary of Thomas Hobbes, he criticized absolutism
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- Challenged the patriarchal model
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All humans are born with a *tabula rasa*
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- Our personality is a product of our experiences
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More optimistic view of human nature
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- Believed man is basically moral and reasonable
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- In our natural state we could live peaceably, but competition arises that needs a political authority to sort out
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Humans have natural rights - life, liberty, and property
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The purpose of government is to protect people's natural rights
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- Therefore, government should have limited power and should be accepted by all citizens
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- Against absolute monarchy, believed the characteristics described by Hobbes occurred when people were being enslaved
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- Encouraged revolution when the government violated the rights it was supposed to protect
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Also encouraged religious toleration
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- The function of the government should be to preserve property, not make religious decisions
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- Did not extend it to Roman Catholics
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- Claimed they had an allegiance to a foreign prince
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- Also did not extend to atheists or non-Christians
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- Could not be trusted to keep their word
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## == The Philosophes ===
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French philosophers who used scientific methods to understand and improve human society
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