68 lines
2.4 KiB
Markdown
68 lines
2.4 KiB
Markdown
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### == Characteristics of the Thirty Years War ==
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The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground
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At the beginning, it was Catholics vs Protestants
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At the end, it was Habsburg power that was threatened
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Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
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# {} Religious Phases
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### == The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 ==
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Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia
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- The Bohemians hated him
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- Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants
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- Defenestration of Prague, May 1618
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- Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II
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### == The Bohemian Phase ==
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Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
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- Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria
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- Frederick lost his hands in the fighting
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### == The Danish Phase ==
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Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance
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- Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire
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- Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army
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- Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north
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Edict of Restitution (1629):
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- Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552
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- Deprived all protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights
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German Princes feared Ferdinand, he fired Wallenstein in an effort to calm them
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# {} Self-interest Phases
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### == The Swedish Phase ==
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France and Sweden now get involved
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- Both want to stop Habsburg power
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- Sweden led the charge
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- France priovided support
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Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire
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- Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein
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- Swedish advance was stopped
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German princes still feared Ferdinand II
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Wallenstein assassinated to appease them
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### == The French Phase ==
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France and Sweden switched roles
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All countries in Europe now participated
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This phase was the most destructive
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- German towns decimated
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- Agriculture collapsed, famine resulted
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- 8 million dead, 1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
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- Caused massive inflation
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- Trade was crippled throughout Europe
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# {} End
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### == The Peace of Westphalia ==
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Political Provisions
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- Each German prince became free from any kind of control by the Holy Roman Emperor
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- The United Provinces (Dutch Netherlands) became officially independent, so. part remained a sp. possession
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- France recieved most of the German speaking province of Alsace-Lorraine
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- Sweden got lands in Northern Germany on the baltic & black sea coasts
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- Switzerland became totally independent of the Holy Roman Emperor, Swiss Confederation
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- Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire
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- Brandenburg got important territories on the North Sea and in central Germany
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