71 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
71 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
|
- Unconditioned Stimulus - causes a response that is automatic, not learned
|
||
|
|
- Unconditioned Response - Salivation in response to meat is not learned, it is natural
|
||
|
|
- Conditioned Response - learned response to a stimulus that was previously natural
|
||
|
|
- Conditioned Stimulus - Through repeated association w/the meat, the bell became a learned stimulus
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Reinforcement ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Skinner's Box - rat deprived of food kept pressing the lever - 1st time accidental, it soon learned pressing the lever meant food
|
||
|
|
Reinforcement - process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Spontaneous Recovery ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Extinguished response is not gone forever
|
||
|
|
Organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier
|
||
|
|
Dogs - stopped salivating after bell. However a few days later, when they hear the bell, they salivate again
|
||
|
|
Response is a little weaker & there is less saliva
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Flooding - Classical Conditioning ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Fear of high places, snakes, claustrophobia
|
||
|
|
Person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses are extinguished
|
||
|
|
Look out several times from a six story building until fear ends. Sit in a room of small, non venomous snakes
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Generalization ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if the stimuli are not identical
|
||
|
|
Pavlov's Circle (CS) was presented with meat (US) - dog salivates at circle
|
||
|
|
Any geometric shape close to a circle caused salivation from the dog (generalization)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Discrimination ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Dogs weaker response to figures that looked less like a circle is discrimination
|
||
|
|
act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
|
||
|
|
bear cub is not afraid of all furry creatures (mouse, squirrel, chipmunk, etc)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Systematic Desensitization ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
When flooding is too fearful for patients
|
||
|
|
Patient is taught relaxation techniques
|
||
|
|
They are exposed gradually to the stimulus that they fear while they remain relaxed (shown pictures of snakes)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Counterconditioning ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, thus counteracting the fear
|
||
|
|
Peter: feared rabbits but loved candy
|
||
|
|
Eventually after eating candy, Peter felt comfortable enough to pet the rabbit
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Bell and Pad Method for Bed-Wetting ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Teaches children to wake up in response to bladder tension
|
||
|
|
Child w/ wetting tendencies - sleeps on a special pad
|
||
|
|
When he starts to wet, the water content triggers a bell and the ringing wakes the child up
|
||
|
|
Bell in this case - unconditioned stimuli
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Operant Conditioning ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
People learn to do certain things and not to do others, because of the results
|
||
|
|
They learn from the consequences of their actions
|
||
|
|
Studying - positive operant behavior = good grades. Not studying - negative operant behavior = bad grades.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Primary Reinforcers ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism
|
||
|
|
Food, water, adequate warmth can all be seen as primary reinforcers
|
||
|
|
Do not need to be taught to value these reinforcers
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
## == Ratio Schedule ==
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
Desired response is reinforced every time. It is a 1:1 ratio of response to reinforcement.
|
||
|
|
If a response must occur five times before it is reinforced, the ratio is 5:1
|
||
|
|
For fun: try to guess the ratio schedule of a slot machine, scratch ticket, lottery ticket...
|