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AP Euro/Chapter 12/Chapter 12.md

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+== THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ==
+
+Northern Renaissance begins in Flanders
+- A prosperous city in Northern France
+	- Was very active in the wool trade, had been coveted by England in the Hundred Years' War
+	- Renaissance in the North began there and then spread to the rest of Europe
+	- Why?
+		- Trade brings in new ideas
+		- Wealth for patronage
+
+Spreading North
+- The Renaissance in the North was due in large part to the creation of the printing press
+	- Before the printing press, every book was copied carefully by hand
+		- Few books in Europe, the majority of which were in monasteries as monks did most of the laborious task
+		- In the Middle Ages, only a select few could read and write anyway
+	- Expansion of schools had led to a more literate upper class, and paper became cheaper to make
+
+Effects
+- Books were cheaper and more available
+- More people learned to read
+- People were exposed to a variety of subjects and knowledge
+	- Boosted self-esteem
+	- Made the literate more critical
+	- Could be used to spread messages and propaganda
+
+Flemish Painters
+- Jan Van Eyck
+	- Painted quaint portrayals of towns religious themes that are exceptionally realistic in their details
+	- The Arnolfini Marriage is one of his most famous works
+
+- Pieter Bruegel
+	- Famous for his portrayal of peasant themes and religious scenes placed in the peasant world
+
+- Peter Paul Rubens
+	- Combined the realism of the Northern Renaissance with the classical themes of the Renaissance in Italy
+		- Well educated in mythology, the Bible, and ancient history
+		- A classic humanist
+
+- Albrecht Durer
+	- "Leonardo of the North"
+		- Traveled to Italy as an artist, then returned North
+		- A painter famous for his self portraits
+			- celebrated his own beauty and genius
+			- Imposed his face on an image of Christ - called the birth of the modern artist
+	- Applied Italian painting techniques to engravings
+
+Northern Humanists
+- Thought a classical education would cause religious and moral reform
+- Erasmus: Most famous humanist of the Northern Renaissance
+	- A priest who wanted to reform the church even before the Reformation
+- Sir Thomas More
+	- English Humanist
+	- Friend of Erasmus, wrote Utopia
+		- Describes a perfect civilization based on reason and tolerance
+		- All goods are held in common and people are required to earn their bread through work
+	- Political advisor to King Henry VIII
+		- A trusted diplomat
+		- Fell out of favornwhen he disputed the Act of Supremacy and King Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn
+- Francois Rabelais
+	- A French Humanist and Renaissance man
+		- Monk, physician, Greek scholar and author
+	- Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel
+		- The epic poem of a gentle giant and his son
+		- A comedy, discusses the various people they meet, the sides they take in various conflicts, etc
+		- Used it as a medium for social commentary
+- William Shakespeare
+	- An English playwright
+		- Worked as a teacher for a time, became very educated in Renaissance literature and history
+	- Wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613
+		- Focused on the importance and potential of the individual
+		- Also paid homage to ancient Greece and Rome - wrote plays like Julius Caesar
+	- Wrote in Elizabethan England, considered one of the last Renaissance artists
+== THE NEW MONARCHIES ==
+
+-- Characteristics of the New Monarchies --
+1. They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order
+2. They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power -> all should accept this without resistance
+3. They enlisted the support of the middle clas in the towns -> tired of the local power of feudal nobles
+4. They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order
+5. They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or "common" law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched
+6. The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties -> what pleases the prince has the force of law
+
+England -> Stability under the Tudors
+France -> Consolidation of power
+Spain -> Unification by marriage
+Holy Roman Empire -> Different model: the cost of decentralization