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AP Euro/Chapter 13/Chapter 13.md
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== Henry VIII and the Counter Reformation ==
|
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|
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-- The English Reformation --
|
||||
Henry VIII denounced the reformation
|
||||
- Given the title "Defender of the Faith"
|
||||
His #1 goal - beget a bale heir to solve the issue of succession
|
||||
- His father had won the War of the Roses, a civil war in England over succession after past kings had left no clear heirs
|
||||
|
||||
-- Wife #1 --
|
||||
In 1509, Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon
|
||||
- Widow of his older brother, daughter of the King and Queen of Spain, and aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
|
||||
- In 18 years, they only had one child, a daughter - Mary, and a number of miscarriages and stillbirths
|
||||
- Henry thought the marriage was cursed
|
||||
- The union was forbidden and had required a special dispensation from the Pope
|
||||
Henry was interesetd in Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting
|
||||
- To marry her would require an annulment from the pope
|
||||
- Charles V was holding the pope captive, and the marriage was 18 years old
|
||||
|
||||
-- Acquiring Wife #2 --
|
||||
Henry VIII convened the "Reformation Parliament"
|
||||
- Recognized Henry as the head of church in England
|
||||
- Placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction
|
||||
- Also ended all payments to the laity in Rome
|
||||
In 1533, he married the pregnant Anne Boleyn
|
||||
- She soon gave birth to Elizabeth, and the Act of Succession made Anne's children legitimate heirs
|
||||
Act of Supremacy - made henry the only supreme head of the Church of England in 1534
|
||||
- In 1537, Anne was beheaded for treason and adultery, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate
|
||||
|
||||
-- Wife #3 and #4 --
|
||||
Jane Seymour: 3rd wife
|
||||
- Married her 11 days after he beheaded Anne Boleyn
|
||||
- The only wife to provide him with a son, Edward VI
|
||||
- Died 12 days later from complications from childbirth, Henry saw her as his best wife
|
||||
Anne of Cleves: 4th wife
|
||||
- Sister to a German Duke, their wedding was to unite the newly protestant England with German protestants
|
||||
- Holbein was sent to England to paint her, brought back a beautiful portrait
|
||||
- Henry agreed to marry her based on it, but she wasn't as beautiful in reality
|
||||
- Divorced, but paid handsomely, stayed in England
|
||||
|
||||
-- Wife #5 and #6 --
|
||||
Katherine Howard
|
||||
- Lady in waiting to Anne of Cleves
|
||||
- Secretly seeing an old boyfriend and had previously been engaged
|
||||
- Old boyfriends were tortured and killed, she was also beheaded after 18 months of marriage
|
||||
Katherine Parr
|
||||
- Married in 1543 (her third husband)
|
||||
- Very religious, wrote some books on theology, stayed by his side until his death
|
||||
|
||||
-- Mary I --
|
||||
Catherine of Aragon's Daughter, a devout Catholic
|
||||
- Tried to return England to the Catholic Church
|
||||
- Many protestants protested
|
||||
- She persecuted them, earning the name "Bloody Mary"
|
||||
- Some chose exile and left, it is unknown how many died (Elizabeth also killed a similar number of Catholics during her reign)
|
||||
She died childless in 1558
|
||||
|
||||
-- Queen Elizabeth I --
|
||||
Daughter of Anne Boleyn, inherited the throne after Mary's death
|
||||
Re-established the protestant church and compromised with the Elizabethan settlement
|
||||
- Kept Catholic ritual and hierarchy
|
||||
- Bishops would handle the day to day affairs, would keep Catholic ritual and appearance
|
||||
- Elizabeth was "supreme governor" over spiritual matters
|
||||
- Ended the Pope's authority once and for all
|
||||
|
||||
-- Religious Wars --
|
||||
After the Hundred Years War, France had relative peace until the Reformation
|
||||
Involved in a religious conflict against French Protestants known as the Huguenots
|
||||
- The crown was caught in the power struggle between the Huguenots and the Guises (Militant Catholics)
|
||||
- The Queen Mother convinced the French King Charles IX that there was a protestant conspiracy, only a swift execution of their leaders could prevent an attack on Paris
|
||||
- St Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Huguenot leader and 3,000 other Huguenots killed in Paris
|
||||
- Within 3 days, 20,000 protestants dead
|
||||
- Huguenot and Catholic factions continued to battle
|
||||
|
||||
-- Henry IV Brings Peace --
|
||||
In 1589, Henry IV, a Huguenot came to the throne of France
|
||||
- Willing to put political peace above religious unity
|
||||
- the catholic league had the support of the Pope and the Spanish
|
||||
- Opposed by Catholics for 4 years, then converted
|
||||
- "Paris is worth a Mass"
|
||||
Issued the Edict of Nantes to protect protestants
|
||||
- Country remained officially catholic
|
||||
- Granted Huguenots the right to public worship, right of assembly, admission to universities, and the right to build fortified towns
|
||||
|
||||
== The Catholic Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Also known as the counter-reformation
|
||||
- Reformers inside the church had been pushing change for years
|
||||
- popes were afraid of being stripped of powers
|
||||
- Many religious orders were established
|
||||
Reformers began inside the church to restore its credibility and morality
|
||||
- Begun in the 1530s by Pope Paul III
|
||||
- Ended corruption in the papacy
|
||||
|
||||
== Council of Trent ==
|
||||
|
||||
Initiated by Charles V and Pope Paul III
|
||||
Begun in 1545 to decide what the reforms should look like
|
||||
- Met for 20 years
|
||||
- Reaffirmed traditiional Catholic beliefs
|
||||
- Salvation does not come from good works
|
||||
- Bible is not the only source of religious truth
|
||||
- All 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints
|
||||
- Tried to end abuses
|
||||
- Stiff penalties for corruption
|
||||
|
||||
== The Jesuits ==
|
||||
|
||||
A new order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
|
||||
- A former crusader, he created a program of strict self discipline
|
||||
- Emotional and spiritual exercises that taught mastery over one's feelings, perfect self control through practice
|
||||
- Tried to defent the catholic church and spread the faith
|
||||
- Advised catholic rulers
|
||||
- Established schools that combined discipline with humanism
|
||||
- Travelled to other continents like Africa, Asia, and the Americas to spread catholicism
|
||||
|
||||
== Teresa of Avila ==
|
||||
|
||||
At an early age, felt called to enter a Carmelite convent
|
||||
- Dissatisfied with the discipline there, she left and founded her own order
|
||||
- Afraid that her contact with her relatives and the outside world would make her unworthy of God's grace
|
||||
- Her new order was isolated, dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation
|
||||
Impressed with her own work, church authorities asked her to impose her reforms on other convents and monasteries
|
||||
- she foundde many communities and reformed others
|
||||
|
||||
== Success of the Catholic Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Majority of Europeans remained Catholic
|
||||
- Reformers won back protestant converts
|
||||
- Over half converted back by the end of the 16th century
|
||||
Church abuses were reduced, charity increased
|
||||
Protestant churches did remain
|
||||
- debate continued over the interpretations of Christianity
|
||||
- in protestant cities, services were said in the vernacular, clergy could marry and were subject to taxes and civil courts
|
||||
|
||||
== Persecutions of the Reformations ==
|
||||
|
||||
Witch hunts 1450-1750
|
||||
- People believed in magic which could be done with the help of the devil
|
||||
- anti christian
|
||||
70-100 thousand people were sentenced to death for harmful magic or diabolical witchcraft
|
||||
- Majority of the accused witches were women
|
||||
- people who behaved in non-traditional ways were most often targeted
|
||||
- Social outcasts, beggars, midwives and herbalists
|
||||
Jews
|
||||
- in the renaissance, many cities relegated the jews into ghettos
|
||||
- under pressure to convert
|
||||
- Luther called for jews who did not convert to his teachings to be expelled and their synagogues burned down
|
||||
- Charles V would not allow them to settle new Spanish territories
|
||||
- Many jews fled to the ottoman empire
|
||||
== Henry VIII and the Counter Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
-- The English Reformation --
|
||||
Henry VIII denounced the reformation
|
||||
- Given the title "Defender of the Faith"
|
||||
His #1 goal - beget a bale heir to solve the issue of succession
|
||||
- His father had won the War of the Roses, a civil war in England over succession after past kings had left no clear heirs
|
||||
|
||||
-- Wife #1 --
|
||||
In 1509, Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon
|
||||
- Widow of his older brother, daughter of the King and Queen of Spain, and aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
|
||||
- In 18 years, they only had one child, a daughter - Mary, and a number of miscarriages and stillbirths
|
||||
- Henry thought the marriage was cursed
|
||||
- The union was forbidden and had required a special dispensation from the Pope
|
||||
Henry was interesetd in Anne Boleyn, a lady in waiting
|
||||
- To marry her would require an annulment from the pope
|
||||
- Charles V was holding the pope captive, and the marriage was 18 years old
|
||||
|
||||
-- Acquiring Wife #2 --
|
||||
Henry VIII convened the "Reformation Parliament"
|
||||
- Recognized Henry as the head of church in England
|
||||
- Placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction
|
||||
- Also ended all payments to the laity in Rome
|
||||
In 1533, he married the pregnant Anne Boleyn
|
||||
- She soon gave birth to Elizabeth, and the Act of Succession made Anne's children legitimate heirs
|
||||
Act of Supremacy - made henry the only supreme head of the Church of England in 1534
|
||||
- In 1537, Anne was beheaded for treason and adultery, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate
|
||||
|
||||
-- Wife #3 and #4 --
|
||||
Jane Seymour: 3rd wife
|
||||
- Married her 11 days after he beheaded Anne Boleyn
|
||||
- The only wife to provide him with a son, Edward VI
|
||||
- Died 12 days later from complications from childbirth, Henry saw her as his best wife
|
||||
Anne of Cleves: 4th wife
|
||||
- Sister to a German Duke, their wedding was to unite the newly protestant England with German protestants
|
||||
- Holbein was sent to England to paint her, brought back a beautiful portrait
|
||||
- Henry agreed to marry her based on it, but she wasn't as beautiful in reality
|
||||
- Divorced, but paid handsomely, stayed in England
|
||||
|
||||
-- Wife #5 and #6 --
|
||||
Katherine Howard
|
||||
- Lady in waiting to Anne of Cleves
|
||||
- Secretly seeing an old boyfriend and had previously been engaged
|
||||
- Old boyfriends were tortured and killed, she was also beheaded after 18 months of marriage
|
||||
Katherine Parr
|
||||
- Married in 1543 (her third husband)
|
||||
- Very religious, wrote some books on theology, stayed by his side until his death
|
||||
|
||||
-- Mary I --
|
||||
Catherine of Aragon's Daughter, a devout Catholic
|
||||
- Tried to return England to the Catholic Church
|
||||
- Many protestants protested
|
||||
- She persecuted them, earning the name "Bloody Mary"
|
||||
- Some chose exile and left, it is unknown how many died (Elizabeth also killed a similar number of Catholics during her reign)
|
||||
She died childless in 1558
|
||||
|
||||
-- Queen Elizabeth I --
|
||||
Daughter of Anne Boleyn, inherited the throne after Mary's death
|
||||
Re-established the protestant church and compromised with the Elizabethan settlement
|
||||
- Kept Catholic ritual and hierarchy
|
||||
- Bishops would handle the day to day affairs, would keep Catholic ritual and appearance
|
||||
- Elizabeth was "supreme governor" over spiritual matters
|
||||
- Ended the Pope's authority once and for all
|
||||
|
||||
-- Religious Wars --
|
||||
After the Hundred Years War, France had relative peace until the Reformation
|
||||
Involved in a religious conflict against French Protestants known as the Huguenots
|
||||
- The crown was caught in the power struggle between the Huguenots and the Guises (Militant Catholics)
|
||||
- The Queen Mother convinced the French King Charles IX that there was a protestant conspiracy, only a swift execution of their leaders could prevent an attack on Paris
|
||||
- St Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Huguenot leader and 3,000 other Huguenots killed in Paris
|
||||
- Within 3 days, 20,000 protestants dead
|
||||
- Huguenot and Catholic factions continued to battle
|
||||
|
||||
-- Henry IV Brings Peace --
|
||||
In 1589, Henry IV, a Huguenot came to the throne of France
|
||||
- Willing to put political peace above religious unity
|
||||
- the catholic league had the support of the Pope and the Spanish
|
||||
- Opposed by Catholics for 4 years, then converted
|
||||
- "Paris is worth a Mass"
|
||||
Issued the Edict of Nantes to protect protestants
|
||||
- Country remained officially catholic
|
||||
- Granted Huguenots the right to public worship, right of assembly, admission to universities, and the right to build fortified towns
|
||||
|
||||
== The Catholic Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Also known as the counter-reformation
|
||||
- Reformers inside the church had been pushing change for years
|
||||
- popes were afraid of being stripped of powers
|
||||
- Many religious orders were established
|
||||
Reformers began inside the church to restore its credibility and morality
|
||||
- Begun in the 1530s by Pope Paul III
|
||||
- Ended corruption in the papacy
|
||||
|
||||
== Council of Trent ==
|
||||
|
||||
Initiated by Charles V and Pope Paul III
|
||||
Begun in 1545 to decide what the reforms should look like
|
||||
- Met for 20 years
|
||||
- Reaffirmed traditiional Catholic beliefs
|
||||
- Salvation does not come from good works
|
||||
- Bible is not the only source of religious truth
|
||||
- All 7 sacraments, transubstantiation, and veneration of saints
|
||||
- Tried to end abuses
|
||||
- Stiff penalties for corruption
|
||||
|
||||
== The Jesuits ==
|
||||
|
||||
A new order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
|
||||
- A former crusader, he created a program of strict self discipline
|
||||
- Emotional and spiritual exercises that taught mastery over one's feelings, perfect self control through practice
|
||||
- Tried to defent the catholic church and spread the faith
|
||||
- Advised catholic rulers
|
||||
- Established schools that combined discipline with humanism
|
||||
- Travelled to other continents like Africa, Asia, and the Americas to spread catholicism
|
||||
|
||||
== Teresa of Avila ==
|
||||
|
||||
At an early age, felt called to enter a Carmelite convent
|
||||
- Dissatisfied with the discipline there, she left and founded her own order
|
||||
- Afraid that her contact with her relatives and the outside world would make her unworthy of God's grace
|
||||
- Her new order was isolated, dedicated themselves to prayer and meditation
|
||||
Impressed with her own work, church authorities asked her to impose her reforms on other convents and monasteries
|
||||
- she foundde many communities and reformed others
|
||||
|
||||
== Success of the Catholic Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Majority of Europeans remained Catholic
|
||||
- Reformers won back protestant converts
|
||||
- Over half converted back by the end of the 16th century
|
||||
Church abuses were reduced, charity increased
|
||||
Protestant churches did remain
|
||||
- debate continued over the interpretations of Christianity
|
||||
- in protestant cities, services were said in the vernacular, clergy could marry and were subject to taxes and civil courts
|
||||
|
||||
== Persecutions of the Reformations ==
|
||||
|
||||
Witch hunts 1450-1750
|
||||
- People believed in magic which could be done with the help of the devil
|
||||
- anti christian
|
||||
70-100 thousand people were sentenced to death for harmful magic or diabolical witchcraft
|
||||
- Majority of the accused witches were women
|
||||
- people who behaved in non-traditional ways were most often targeted
|
||||
- Social outcasts, beggars, midwives and herbalists
|
||||
Jews
|
||||
- in the renaissance, many cities relegated the jews into ghettos
|
||||
- under pressure to convert
|
||||
- Luther called for jews who did not convert to his teachings to be expelled and their synagogues burned down
|
||||
- Charles V would not allow them to settle new Spanish territories
|
||||
- Many jews fled to the ottoman empire
|
||||
== The Protestant Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
-- Causes --
|
||||
Humanists encouraged education
|
||||
- Those who were educated became more ctirical of their institutions, including the Church
|
||||
Clergy and church property were largely exempt from taxes, many laws, and civic obligations
|
||||
- Did not have to participate in the military, city watch or be tried in civil court
|
||||
The hierarchy of the church had become pre-occupied with secular affairs
|
||||
- Controlled the papal states and fought wars to protect them
|
||||
-Feuded with secular rulers over control of church offices
|
||||
- Popes led lavish lives like contemporary kinds
|
||||
The Church required money for war, construction, and to support the lifestyle of some of the clergy
|
||||
Raised the money in several ways
|
||||
- Increased fees for services
|
||||
- "Sold" indulgences
|
||||
- After absolution, a person still must do penance for their sins
|
||||
- If not enough is done in this life, one pays for it in purgatory after death
|
||||
|
||||
-- Martin Luther --
|
||||
Well educated son of a miner
|
||||
- His parents wanted him to be a lawyer but he entered the Order of Saint Augustine instead
|
||||
- Ordained in 1507, he travelled to Rome where he saw many things that disillusioned him about
|
||||
Luther struggled with his own sinfulness and the perfect righteousness necessary for salvation
|
||||
- Came up with the idea of "justification by faith alone" by 1518 (sola fide)
|
||||
- Salvation did not come from charitable acts or reigious ceremonies but from full trust in Jesus Christ
|
||||
- God is pleased with good works, but it has no bearing on whether or not he bestows eternal life
|
||||
|
||||
-- Luther v Tetzel --
|
||||
In 1517, Pope Leo X revived a Jubilee Indulgence
|
||||
- It would forgive all outstanding un-repented sins upon the completion of certain acts
|
||||
- The funds were put toward building the Cathedral of Peter in Rome
|
||||
Johann Tetzel was sent to sell those indulgences in Germany
|
||||
- He advertized them as a way to be free from future guilt or free relatives from purgatory
|
||||
- Did not ask for repentance
|
||||
Luther was outraged by Tetzel's claims
|
||||
- Believed that Tetzel's sale of indulgences made it appear thayt salvation was something that could be bought and sold
|
||||
- Wrote the 95 Theses and nailed them to the doors of the church in Wittenbrg, argued that
|
||||
- Indulgences were not based on the Bible
|
||||
- Pope did not have the authority to free souls from purgatory
|
||||
|
||||
-- Reaction to the Theses --
|
||||
Copies of the 95 Theses were printed and distributed throughout Europe
|
||||
- A debate was scheduled between Luther and Tetzel
|
||||
- In the debate, Luther went even further, challenging the Treasury of Merit and the Pope's authority in other areas
|
||||
The Church asked Luther to recant
|
||||
- Luther's calls became even more extreme
|
||||
- At first, he had only meant to reform the Catholic Church
|
||||
- Later, he called christians to reject the Pope's authority and that the Church could only be reformed from the outside
|
||||
- Asserted the authority of scripture alone
|
||||
- Called the Pope the Antichrist
|
||||
In 1521, Leo X gave him 60 days to recant, then excommunicated him
|
||||
Peace of Augsburg
|
||||
It allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||||
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||||
|
||||
Elizabethan Settlement
|
||||
It allowed Catholics to practice their faith, while ending Papal authority in England
|
||||
Who it protected: Catholics
|
||||
|
||||
Edict of Nantes
|
||||
It ensured rights of Protestants, such as the right to public assembly and worship
|
||||
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||||
=== 13 === REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARS ===
|
||||
|
||||
Chronology
|
||||
1517 - Martin Luther writes "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"
|
||||
1521 - Diet of Worms
|
||||
1521-1559 - Habsburg-Valois wars
|
||||
1525 - German Peasants' War
|
||||
1526 - Turkish victory at Mohacs, which allows spread of protestantism in Hungary
|
||||
1530s - Henry VIII ends the authority of the pope in England
|
||||
1535 - Angela Merici establishes the Ursulines as the first women's teaching order
|
||||
1536 - John Calvin publishes "The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
|
||||
1540 - Papal approval of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
|
||||
1542 - Pope Paul III establishes the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition
|
||||
1545-1563 - Council of Trent
|
||||
1553-1558 - Reign of Mary Tudor and temporary restoration of Catholicism in England
|
||||
1555 - Peace of Augsburg; official recognition of Lutheranism
|
||||
1558-1603 - Reign of Elizabeth in England
|
||||
1560-1660 - Height of the European witch-hunt
|
||||
1568-1578 - Civil War in the Netherlands
|
||||
1572 - Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
|
||||
1588 - England defeats Spanish Armada
|
||||
1598 - Edict of Nantes
|
||||
|
||||
== The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century ==
|
||||
|
||||
Europeans in the early 1500s were deeply pious
|
||||
Examples:
|
||||
- Processions
|
||||
- Pilgrimages
|
||||
- Paying for altars
|
||||
- Praying for the church
|
||||
- Devoting time and money
|
||||
|
||||
Due to this piety many were critical of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy
|
||||
Church had a damaged reputation due to:
|
||||
- Papal conflict with German Emperor Frederick II in the 1200s
|
||||
- Babylonian captivity
|
||||
- Great Schism
|
||||
|
||||
People criticized:
|
||||
- Papal tax collection
|
||||
- The papacy itself
|
||||
- Church hierarchy
|
||||
- Church wealth
|
||||
|
||||
Some argued that certain doctrines were incorrect
|
||||
These people wanted to reform institutions, educate clergy more, regulare clerical behavior, and alter doctrines
|
||||
These efforts saw success in Bohemia, where a church independent from Rome existed a century before the reformation
|
||||
Anti-clerical ideas rampant
|
||||
- Some priests were corrupt and did not live according to doctrine
|
||||
Priests held multiple offices but did not uphold their spiritual responsibilities and simply collected money
|
||||
Priests, monks, and nuns exempt from civil responsibility, yet religious orders held large swaths of property
|
||||
|
||||
== Martin Luther ==
|
||||
|
||||
Criticism alone did not cause the reformation, instead the religious struggle of Martin Luther did
|
||||
-- Martin Luther --
|
||||
Born in Saxony
|
||||
Earned a master's degree at University of Erfurt
|
||||
Originally wanted to be a lawyer, instead became an Augustinian friar
|
||||
Ordained 1507
|
||||
Professor at Univ. of Wittenberg
|
||||
Had religious OCD (scrupulosity)
|
||||
|
||||
Luther's doctrines included:
|
||||
Scripture alone (sola scriptura)
|
||||
Faith alone (sola fide)
|
||||
Grace alone (sola gratia)
|
||||
|
||||
Indulgences: a document issued by the church lessening penance or time in purgatory
|
||||
Johann Tetzel: Dominican friar who said those who bought indulgences would have all of their sins forgiven
|
||||
Luther wrote "Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" in 1517
|
||||
Nailed to Wittenberg castle's church door
|
||||
Luther utilized printing press to spread these ideas
|
||||
|
||||
Charles V called the Diet of Worms to make Luther recant
|
||||
|
||||
== Protestant Thought ==
|
||||
|
||||
Ulrich Zwingli taught scripture alone
|
||||
The word "protestant" derives from the protest of a small group of German princes
|
||||
|
||||
CATHOLIC VS PROTESTANT
|
||||
Salvation:
|
||||
Catholics: Faith and good works
|
||||
Protestants: Faith alone
|
||||
|
||||
Authority:
|
||||
Catholics: Scripture and tradition
|
||||
Protestants: Scripture alone
|
||||
|
||||
Protestants believe the church is a spiritual fellowhood of all believers
|
||||
Catholics believe in transubstantiation
|
||||
Lutherans believe that Christ is present in the bread and wine through God's mystery
|
||||
Zwingli held that the Eucharist was merely a remembrance
|
||||
|
||||
== The Appeal of Protestant Ideas ==
|
||||
|
||||
Luther advocated a simple religion based on faith and a return to the early church
|
||||
Everyone should read scripture
|
||||
Scholars attribute Luther's fame to the printing press
|
||||
Luther and Zwingli wanted political authority to accept the reformation
|
||||
Luther worked with Saxon nobility
|
||||
|
||||
== Radical Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Anabaptists: rebaptizers, those who advocated adult baptism
|
||||
Some groups wanted communal ownership and rejected "unbiblical living"
|
||||
Anabaptists banished, beaten, burned, or drowned
|
||||
Radical reformers called for social and religious change
|
||||
Luther wanted to prevent rebellion
|
||||
Freedom for Luther meant independence from Catholic authority
|
||||
German Peasants' War of 1525 stregnthened authority of lay rulers
|
||||
|
||||
== Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women ==
|
||||
|
||||
Protestant reformers married
|
||||
Expected to be models of obedience and charity
|
||||
Women asked to be cheerful in obedience
|
||||
Protestants saw marriage as a contract
|
||||
Protestants allowed divorce
|
||||
Reformation had a positive impact on marriage
|
||||
Reformation brought about the closing of monasteries and convents, marriage was the only option for protestant women
|
||||
Women not allowed in clergy, but allowed to make policy
|
||||
|
||||
== Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty ==
|
||||
|
||||
Marriage used to create alliances
|
||||
Habsburgs became international power
|
||||
Marriage of Maximilian and Mary angered France
|
||||
Charles V inherited Holy Roman Empire
|
||||
Charles V strongly anti protestant
|
||||
|
||||
== Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany ==
|
||||
|
||||
Ruler determined religious practice in his land
|
||||
A treary in switzerland allowed religious freedom and ordered neutrality
|
||||
Charles V called a diet in Augsburg in 1530
|
||||
Habsburg-Valois wars (1521-1559) were fought in Italy and Germany
|
||||
Charles V fighting for religious unity and centralized state
|
||||
in 1555 Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which formally recognized Lutheranism, and let princes choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||||
Ended religious wars in Germany
|
||||
John Calvin had a profound influence
|
||||
|
||||
== England ==
|
||||
|
||||
Reformation in England had economic and political reasons
|
||||
Henry wanted an annulment for his marriage, but did not get it
|
||||
Henry removed papal jurisdiction from England and made himself supreme head of the Church in England
|
||||
English church retained catholic practices
|
||||
Church land came under crown rule
|
||||
England transformed into a modern state
|
||||
Most clergy complacent, but some started the Pilgrimage of Grace, largest rebellion in English history
|
||||
Ireland was strongly catholic
|
||||
|
||||
== Upholding protestantism in England ==
|
||||
|
||||
Protestant ideas influenced life strongly
|
||||
Book of common prayer approved by parliament
|
||||
Mary Tudor ruled briefly and attempted to bring back Catholicism
|
||||
Elizabeth succeeded Mary and brought about religious stability
|
||||
Some wanted more elements of Catholicism in the Church of England
|
||||
Others wanted none at all: Puritans
|
||||
|
||||
== Calvinism ==
|
||||
|
||||
John Calvin born in 1509
|
||||
Converted to protestantism
|
||||
Taught predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who wouldn't
|
||||
Set up theocracy in Geneva
|
||||
Became a model for reformers across Europe
|
||||
== The Protestant Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
-- Causes --
|
||||
Humanists encouraged education
|
||||
- Those who were educated became more ctirical of their institutions, including the Church
|
||||
Clergy and church property were largely exempt from taxes, many laws, and civic obligations
|
||||
- Did not have to participate in the military, city watch or be tried in civil court
|
||||
The hierarchy of the church had become pre-occupied with secular affairs
|
||||
- Controlled the papal states and fought wars to protect them
|
||||
-Feuded with secular rulers over control of church offices
|
||||
- Popes led lavish lives like contemporary kinds
|
||||
The Church required money for war, construction, and to support the lifestyle of some of the clergy
|
||||
Raised the money in several ways
|
||||
- Increased fees for services
|
||||
- "Sold" indulgences
|
||||
- After absolution, a person still must do penance for their sins
|
||||
- If not enough is done in this life, one pays for it in purgatory after death
|
||||
|
||||
-- Martin Luther --
|
||||
Well educated son of a miner
|
||||
- His parents wanted him to be a lawyer but he entered the Order of Saint Augustine instead
|
||||
- Ordained in 1507, he travelled to Rome where he saw many things that disillusioned him about
|
||||
Luther struggled with his own sinfulness and the perfect righteousness necessary for salvation
|
||||
- Came up with the idea of "justification by faith alone" by 1518 (sola fide)
|
||||
- Salvation did not come from charitable acts or reigious ceremonies but from full trust in Jesus Christ
|
||||
- God is pleased with good works, but it has no bearing on whether or not he bestows eternal life
|
||||
|
||||
-- Luther v Tetzel --
|
||||
In 1517, Pope Leo X revived a Jubilee Indulgence
|
||||
- It would forgive all outstanding un-repented sins upon the completion of certain acts
|
||||
- The funds were put toward building the Cathedral of Peter in Rome
|
||||
Johann Tetzel was sent to sell those indulgences in Germany
|
||||
- He advertized them as a way to be free from future guilt or free relatives from purgatory
|
||||
- Did not ask for repentance
|
||||
Luther was outraged by Tetzel's claims
|
||||
- Believed that Tetzel's sale of indulgences made it appear thayt salvation was something that could be bought and sold
|
||||
- Wrote the 95 Theses and nailed them to the doors of the church in Wittenbrg, argued that
|
||||
- Indulgences were not based on the Bible
|
||||
- Pope did not have the authority to free souls from purgatory
|
||||
|
||||
-- Reaction to the Theses --
|
||||
Copies of the 95 Theses were printed and distributed throughout Europe
|
||||
- A debate was scheduled between Luther and Tetzel
|
||||
- In the debate, Luther went even further, challenging the Treasury of Merit and the Pope's authority in other areas
|
||||
The Church asked Luther to recant
|
||||
- Luther's calls became even more extreme
|
||||
- At first, he had only meant to reform the Catholic Church
|
||||
- Later, he called christians to reject the Pope's authority and that the Church could only be reformed from the outside
|
||||
- Asserted the authority of scripture alone
|
||||
- Called the Pope the Antichrist
|
||||
In 1521, Leo X gave him 60 days to recant, then excommunicated him
|
||||
Peace of Augsburg
|
||||
It allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||||
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||||
|
||||
Elizabethan Settlement
|
||||
It allowed Catholics to practice their faith, while ending Papal authority in England
|
||||
Who it protected: Catholics
|
||||
|
||||
Edict of Nantes
|
||||
It ensured rights of Protestants, such as the right to public assembly and worship
|
||||
Who it protected: Protestants
|
||||
=== 13 === REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARS ===
|
||||
|
||||
Chronology
|
||||
1517 - Martin Luther writes "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"
|
||||
1521 - Diet of Worms
|
||||
1521-1559 - Habsburg-Valois wars
|
||||
1525 - German Peasants' War
|
||||
1526 - Turkish victory at Mohacs, which allows spread of protestantism in Hungary
|
||||
1530s - Henry VIII ends the authority of the pope in England
|
||||
1535 - Angela Merici establishes the Ursulines as the first women's teaching order
|
||||
1536 - John Calvin publishes "The Institutes of the Christian Religion"
|
||||
1540 - Papal approval of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
|
||||
1542 - Pope Paul III establishes the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition
|
||||
1545-1563 - Council of Trent
|
||||
1553-1558 - Reign of Mary Tudor and temporary restoration of Catholicism in England
|
||||
1555 - Peace of Augsburg; official recognition of Lutheranism
|
||||
1558-1603 - Reign of Elizabeth in England
|
||||
1560-1660 - Height of the European witch-hunt
|
||||
1568-1578 - Civil War in the Netherlands
|
||||
1572 - Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
|
||||
1588 - England defeats Spanish Armada
|
||||
1598 - Edict of Nantes
|
||||
|
||||
== The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century ==
|
||||
|
||||
Europeans in the early 1500s were deeply pious
|
||||
Examples:
|
||||
- Processions
|
||||
- Pilgrimages
|
||||
- Paying for altars
|
||||
- Praying for the church
|
||||
- Devoting time and money
|
||||
|
||||
Due to this piety many were critical of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy
|
||||
Church had a damaged reputation due to:
|
||||
- Papal conflict with German Emperor Frederick II in the 1200s
|
||||
- Babylonian captivity
|
||||
- Great Schism
|
||||
|
||||
People criticized:
|
||||
- Papal tax collection
|
||||
- The papacy itself
|
||||
- Church hierarchy
|
||||
- Church wealth
|
||||
|
||||
Some argued that certain doctrines were incorrect
|
||||
These people wanted to reform institutions, educate clergy more, regulare clerical behavior, and alter doctrines
|
||||
These efforts saw success in Bohemia, where a church independent from Rome existed a century before the reformation
|
||||
Anti-clerical ideas rampant
|
||||
- Some priests were corrupt and did not live according to doctrine
|
||||
Priests held multiple offices but did not uphold their spiritual responsibilities and simply collected money
|
||||
Priests, monks, and nuns exempt from civil responsibility, yet religious orders held large swaths of property
|
||||
|
||||
== Martin Luther ==
|
||||
|
||||
Criticism alone did not cause the reformation, instead the religious struggle of Martin Luther did
|
||||
-- Martin Luther --
|
||||
Born in Saxony
|
||||
Earned a master's degree at University of Erfurt
|
||||
Originally wanted to be a lawyer, instead became an Augustinian friar
|
||||
Ordained 1507
|
||||
Professor at Univ. of Wittenberg
|
||||
Had religious OCD (scrupulosity)
|
||||
|
||||
Luther's doctrines included:
|
||||
Scripture alone (sola scriptura)
|
||||
Faith alone (sola fide)
|
||||
Grace alone (sola gratia)
|
||||
|
||||
Indulgences: a document issued by the church lessening penance or time in purgatory
|
||||
Johann Tetzel: Dominican friar who said those who bought indulgences would have all of their sins forgiven
|
||||
Luther wrote "Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" in 1517
|
||||
Nailed to Wittenberg castle's church door
|
||||
Luther utilized printing press to spread these ideas
|
||||
|
||||
Charles V called the Diet of Worms to make Luther recant
|
||||
|
||||
== Protestant Thought ==
|
||||
|
||||
Ulrich Zwingli taught scripture alone
|
||||
The word "protestant" derives from the protest of a small group of German princes
|
||||
|
||||
CATHOLIC VS PROTESTANT
|
||||
Salvation:
|
||||
Catholics: Faith and good works
|
||||
Protestants: Faith alone
|
||||
Authority:
|
||||
Catholics: Scripture and tradition
|
||||
Protestants: Scripture alone
|
||||
|
||||
Protestants believe the church is a spiritual fellowhood of all believers
|
||||
Catholics believe in transubstantiation
|
||||
Lutherans believe that Christ is present in the bread and wine through God's mystery
|
||||
Zwingli held that the Eucharist was merely a remembrance
|
||||
|
||||
== The Appeal of Protestant Ideas ==
|
||||
|
||||
Luther advocated a simple religion based on faith and a return to the early church
|
||||
Everyone should read scripture
|
||||
Scholars attribute Luther's fame to the printing press
|
||||
Luther and Zwingli wanted political authority to accept the reformation
|
||||
Luther worked with Saxon nobility
|
||||
|
||||
== Radical Reformation ==
|
||||
|
||||
Anabaptists: rebaptizers, those who advocated adult baptism
|
||||
Some groups wanted communal ownership and rejected "unbiblical living"
|
||||
Anabaptists banished, beaten, burned, or drowned
|
||||
Radical reformers called for social and religious change
|
||||
Luther wanted to prevent rebellion
|
||||
Freedom for Luther meant independence from Catholic authority
|
||||
German Peasants' War of 1525 stregnthened authority of lay rulers
|
||||
|
||||
== Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women ==
|
||||
|
||||
Protestant reformers married
|
||||
Expected to be models of obedience and charity
|
||||
Women asked to be cheerful in obedience
|
||||
Protestants saw marriage as a contract
|
||||
Protestants allowed divorce
|
||||
Reformation had a positive impact on marriage
|
||||
Reformation brought about the closing of monasteries and convents, marriage was the only option for protestant women
|
||||
Women not allowed in clergy, but allowed to make policy
|
||||
|
||||
== Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty ==
|
||||
|
||||
Marriage used to create alliances
|
||||
Habsburgs became international power
|
||||
Marriage of Maximilian and Mary angered France
|
||||
Charles V inherited Holy Roman Empire
|
||||
Charles V strongly anti protestant
|
||||
|
||||
== Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany ==
|
||||
|
||||
Ruler determined religious practice in his land
|
||||
A treary in switzerland allowed religious freedom and ordered neutrality
|
||||
Charles V called a diet in Augsburg in 1530
|
||||
Habsburg-Valois wars (1521-1559) were fought in Italy and Germany
|
||||
Charles V fighting for religious unity and centralized state
|
||||
in 1555 Charles agreed to the Peace of Augsburg, which formally recognized Lutheranism, and let princes choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism
|
||||
Ended religious wars in Germany
|
||||
John Calvin had a profound influence
|
||||
|
||||
== England ==
|
||||
|
||||
Reformation in England had economic and political reasons
|
||||
Henry wanted an annulment for his marriage, but did not get it
|
||||
Henry removed papal jurisdiction from England and made himself supreme head of the Church in England
|
||||
English church retained catholic practices
|
||||
Church land came under crown rule
|
||||
England transformed into a modern state
|
||||
Most clergy complacent, but some started the Pilgrimage of Grace, largest rebellion in English history
|
||||
Ireland was strongly catholic
|
||||
|
||||
== Upholding protestantism in England ==
|
||||
|
||||
Protestant ideas influenced life strongly
|
||||
Book of common prayer approved by parliament
|
||||
Mary Tudor ruled briefly and attempted to bring back Catholicism
|
||||
Elizabeth succeeded Mary and brought about religious stability
|
||||
Some wanted more elements of Catholicism in the Church of England
|
||||
Others wanted none at all: Puritans
|
||||
|
||||
== Calvinism ==
|
||||
|
||||
John Calvin born in 1509
|
||||
Converted to protestantism
|
||||
Taught predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who wouldn't
|
||||
Set up theocracy in Geneva
|
||||
Became a model for reformers across Europe
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user