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Psych/Chapter 15/Consciousness.md

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+### == Consciousness and Sensory Awareness ==
+
+- Sights, sounds, smells (rain, teacher's voice, pizza in the cafe, etc)
+- Selective attention - focusing on particular stimulus and blocking out any distractions
+- Unusual stimuli ('99), intense stimuli (yellow shirt)
+
+### == Direct Inner Awareness ==
+
+- Poolside, lakeside, oceanside - we are conscious of water before going in
+- Aware of emotions such as anger, of memories of friends, of abstract concepts such as fairness, justice, love, etc
+
+### == Sense of Self ==
+
+- As we grow older, we are aware that we are unique individuals, separate from other people and surroundings
+- "Maevie likes playgrounds" - 3rd person
+
+### == Levels of Consciousness ==
+
+- Preconscious - What did you wear yesterday? Ideas are not in your awareness now, but you could recall them if you had to
+- You can direct your inner awareness or attention to them
+
+### == Unconscious Level ==
+
+- Information stored in unconscious/subconscious is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances
+- Freud
+- Defense mechanisms - we use these mental strategies to push painful memories out of our consciousness. This protects us from feelings of guilt, anxiety, and shame
+
+### == Nonconscious Level ==
+
+- Basic biological functions:
+- Fingernails growing
+- Eyes adjusting to light
+- Blinking
+- Breathing/Exchanging CO2 w/ O2
+
+### == Altered States of Consciousness ==
+
+Sense of self or sense of the world changes
+Sleeping
+Influence of drugs
+Meditation
+Hypnosis
+
+### == Circadian Rhythms ==
+
+Latin: "About/around a day"
+Speaks to bodily changes throughout the day
+Body temp - lowest at 3am-5am
+Late afternoon (4-6) - HC practice - low energy in circadian rhythm
+
+### == Stages of Sleep ==
+
+EEG - bata waves (short and quick) when awake, alpha waves when drowsy are longer and slower
+Stage 1: Light Sleep
+	Brain waves slow from alpha waves to theta waves, dreamlike images (powernap)
+Stage 1 - lasts 30-40 minutes
+Stage 2 - move into deep sleep
+Stages 3-4 - Sleep is deep and the brain produces delta waves - the slowest of the 4 patterns
+Stage 4 - greatest difficulty waking up in this stage
+
+### == Levels of Sleep ==
+
+Half an hour of Stage 4 sleep
+We return to stages 3,2 and 1 (90:00)
+Our heartbeat now rises + we go to REM sleep
+
+### == REM (not the band) ==
+
+Rapid eye movement - dream state
+Go through 5 stages of REM sleep
+Periods of REM get longer as night progresses
+NREM - Non REM sleep
+
+- 9-10:30 - NREM
+- 10:30-10:50 - 1st REM
+- 10:50-12:20 - NREM
+- 12:20-12:40 - 2nd REM
+- 12:40-2:10 - NREM
+- 2:10-2:30 - 3rd REM
+- 2:30-4:00 - NREM
+- 4:00-4:20 - 4th REM
+- 4:20-5:50 - NREM
+- 5:50-6:10 - 5th REM
+
+### == Consciousness - Sensory Awareness ==
+
+### == Consciousness - Direct Inner Awareness ==
+
+Poolside, lakeside, oceanside - we are conscious of water before going in
+Aware of emotions such as anger, of memories of friends, of abstract concepts such as fairness, justice, love, etc
+
+### == Why do we need sleep? ==
+
+Physical -  Helps to revive the tired body + build up resistance to infection. Keeps the mind sharp
+Psychologically - It helps us to recover from stress, we need more sleep w/ more stressors
+
+### == Gardner Experiment ==
+
+Randy Gardner - stayed awake 11 days
+Became irritable, could not focus eyes, memory, lapses, & speech difficulties
+Film - discusses image of a frog boiling as compared to chronic insomnia
+
+### == Dreams ==
+
+It is during REM sleep that we have the most vivid dreams
+Can be black and white or color
+REM dreams - clear images and plots that make sense
+NREM dreams - plots are vaguer and images more fleeting
+
+### == Freudian View on Dreams ==
+
+Freud - dreams reveal what you really want
+Reveal one's unconscious wishes, fears, and urges
+Some unconscious wishes are unacceptable, perhaps even painful
+Those most likely would appear in dreams, sometimes as symbols
+
+### == Biophyschological Approach - Non Freudian ==
+
+During sleep - neurons fire in the brain that controls movement and vision
+These neuron bursts are random and the brain tries to make sense of them
+It does so by weaving a story - the dream
+
+### == Sleep Apnea ==
+
+Breathing interruption that occurs during sleep
+Do not start breathing until they sit up and gasp for air
+Do not wake up completely, not aware of what happened during the night
+They often feel tired during the day
+
+### == Terms ==
+- Consciousness
+- Preconscious
+- Unconscious
+- Subconscious
+- Nonconscious
+- Altered states
+- Circadian Rhythms
+- EEG
+- Beta/alpha/theta/delta waves
+- Stage 1/2/3/4 sleep
+- REM sleep
+- NREM sleep
+- Gardner experiment
+- Dreams
+- Freudian view on dreams
+- Biopsychological view
+- Sleep disorders

Psych/Chapter 16/Conditioning.md

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+- Unconditioned Stimulus - causes a response that is automatic, not learned
+- Unconditioned Response - Salivation in response to meat is not learned, it is natural
+- Conditioned Response - learned response to a stimulus that was previously natural
+- Conditioned Stimulus - Through repeated association w/the meat, the bell became a learned stimulus
+
+## == Reinforcement ==
+
+Skinner's Box - rat deprived of food kept pressing the lever - 1st time accidental, it soon learned pressing the lever meant food
+Reinforcement - process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again
+
+## == Spontaneous Recovery ==
+
+Extinguished response is not gone forever
+Organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier
+Dogs - stopped salivating after bell. However a few days later, when they hear the bell, they salivate again
+Response is a little weaker & there is less saliva
+
+## == Flooding - Classical Conditioning ==
+
+Fear of high places, snakes, claustrophobia
+Person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses are extinguished
+Look out several times from a six story building until fear ends. Sit in a room of small, non venomous snakes
+
+## == Generalization ==
+
+The act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if the stimuli are not identical
+Pavlov's Circle (CS) was presented with meat (US) - dog salivates at circle
+Any geometric shape close to a circle caused salivation from the dog (generalization)
+
+## == Discrimination ==
+
+Dogs weaker response to figures that looked less like a circle is discrimination
+act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
+bear cub is not afraid of all furry creatures (mouse, squirrel, chipmunk, etc)
+
+## == Systematic Desensitization ==
+
+When flooding is too fearful for patients
+Patient is taught relaxation techniques
+They are exposed gradually to the stimulus that they fear while they remain relaxed (shown pictures of snakes)
+
+## == Counterconditioning ==
+
+A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, thus counteracting the fear
+Peter: feared rabbits but loved candy
+Eventually after eating candy, Peter felt comfortable enough to pet the rabbit
+
+## == Bell and Pad Method for Bed-Wetting ==
+
+Teaches children to wake up in response to bladder tension
+Child w/ wetting tendencies - sleeps on a special pad
+When he starts to wet, the water content triggers a bell and the ringing wakes the child up
+Bell in this case - unconditioned stimuli
+
+## == Operant Conditioning ==
+
+People learn to do certain things and not to do others, because of the results
+They learn from the consequences of their actions
+Studying - positive operant behavior = good grades. Not studying - negative operant behavior = bad grades.
+
+## == Primary Reinforcers ==
+
+Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism
+Food, water, adequate warmth can all be seen as primary reinforcers
+Do not need to be taught to value these reinforcers
+
+## == Ratio Schedule ==
+
+Desired response is reinforced every time. It is a 1:1 ratio of response to reinforcement.
+If a response must occur five times before it is reinforced, the ratio is 5:1
+For fun: try to guess the ratio schedule of a slot machine, scratch ticket, lottery ticket...

Psych/Chapter 17/Memory.md

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+## == Episodic Memory ==
+
+Memory of a specific event, event took place in the person's presence, or the person experienced the event
+Flashbulb memory. Event that is so important it seems like a photograph in every detail
+
+## == Semantic Memory ==
+
+We remember general knowledge such as who the first US president is
+Unlike flashbulb, we don't remember when we first learned that Washington was the first President
+Episodic and semantic are both known as explicit memories. This means that they are clearly stated and defined
+
+## == Implicit Memory ==
+
+Opposite of explicit memory
+Implied or not clearly stated memories are implicit
+Swimming, skipping rope, riding a bike, playing an instrument, driving a car
+
+## == Encoding ==
+
+Translation of information into a form in which2 it can be stored
+When one places information into their memory, they, like computers, encode it
+Encoding for the computer & the human brain, it is the first stage of processing information
+
+## == Storage of Memory ==
+
+Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting
+Actors + Actresses: repeat their lines again
+MR: Does not make info meaningful, it is poor for permanent storage
+
+## == Maintenance Rehearsal ==
+
+Repeating information 

Psych/Chapter 9.md

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+### == Intelligene vs Achievement ==
+
+Achievement - refers to knowledge and skills gained from experience
+intelligence - is the ability to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with others
+Think of SAT 1 vs SAT 2 (Aptitude vs Achievement)
+SAT 2's used to be called the Achievements
+
+### == Spearman's Two Factor Theory ==
+
+G - General intelligence: Underlies all our intellectual abilities. It also speaks to our abilities to reason and solve problems
+S - Specific factors account for people's specific abilities

Psych/Midterms/Study Guide.md

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+### == Founding Fathers ==
+
+William James
+- Functionalism
+	- "How do we function"
+
+Wilhelm Wundt
+- Structuralism
+	- Objective
+		- Sight/sound
+	- Subjective
+		- Mental images
+
+John B Watson
+- Behaviorism
+
+BF Skinner
+- Reinforcement
+	- When you recieve a reward, you are more likely to repeat a behavior
+
+Gestalt School
+- Learning by insight rather than repetition
+
+Sigmund Freud
+- Unconscious motive shape behavior
+
+### == Research ==
+
+Hypothesis
+- An educated guess
+- If/then logic
+
+Analyzing results
+- A lot of data is needed for analysis
+
+Conclusion
+- Useful in development of theories
+
+Replication
+- The ability for an experiment to be repeated with a similar outcome
+
+Bias
+- Predisposition to a point of view
+
+Circumstances of replication
+- Sometimes slightly different circumstances skew results
+
+Surveys
+- People are asked a series of questions
+- Not necessarily accurate
+
+Populations
+- Whole group you want to study
+
+Samples
+- One part of the target population
+
+Random Sample
+- Individuals from target population chosen by chance
+
+Stratified Sample
+- Subgroups in population are represented proportionally
+
+Case Study Method
+- In depth investigation of an individual or small group
+
+Longitudinal Method
+- Select group, then observe group for period of time
+
+Cross Sectional Method
+- Select sample that includes people of different ages
+
+Naturalistic Observation
+- Observe people in their natural habitats (home, school, work)
+
+### == Nervous System ==
+
+Frontal Lobe
+- Voluntary movement and languages
+
+Occipital Lobe
+- Sight
+
+Parietal Lobe
+- Senses
+
+Temporal
+- Memory
+
+Medulla
+- Lowest part of brain stem
+- hearbeat
+
+Pons
+- Above the medulla
+- Regulates breathing
+
+Midbrain
+- Eyeball movement
+
+Thalamus
+- Relay center
+
+Hypothalamus
+- Body processes
+