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Psych/Chapter 16/Conditioning.md

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+- Unconditioned Stimulus - causes a response that is automatic, not learned
+- Unconditioned Response - Salivation in response to meat is not learned, it is natural
+- Conditioned Response - learned response to a stimulus that was previously natural
+- Conditioned Stimulus - Through repeated association w/the meat, the bell became a learned stimulus
+
+## == Reinforcement ==
+
+Skinner's Box - rat deprived of food kept pressing the lever - 1st time accidental, it soon learned pressing the lever meant food
+Reinforcement - process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again
+
+## == Spontaneous Recovery ==
+
+Extinguished response is not gone forever
+Organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier
+Dogs - stopped salivating after bell. However a few days later, when they hear the bell, they salivate again
+Response is a little weaker & there is less saliva
+
+## == Flooding - Classical Conditioning ==
+
+Fear of high places, snakes, claustrophobia
+Person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses are extinguished
+Look out several times from a six story building until fear ends. Sit in a room of small, non venomous snakes
+
+## == Generalization ==
+
+The act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if the stimuli are not identical
+Pavlov's Circle (CS) was presented with meat (US) - dog salivates at circle
+Any geometric shape close to a circle caused salivation from the dog (generalization)
+
+## == Discrimination ==
+
+Dogs weaker response to figures that looked less like a circle is discrimination
+act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
+bear cub is not afraid of all furry creatures (mouse, squirrel, chipmunk, etc)
+
+## == Systematic Desensitization ==
+
+When flooding is too fearful for patients
+Patient is taught relaxation techniques
+They are exposed gradually to the stimulus that they fear while they remain relaxed (shown pictures of snakes)
+
+## == Counterconditioning ==
+
+A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, thus counteracting the fear
+Peter: feared rabbits but loved candy
+Eventually after eating candy, Peter felt comfortable enough to pet the rabbit
+
+## == Bell and Pad Method for Bed-Wetting ==
+
+Teaches children to wake up in response to bladder tension
+Child w/ wetting tendencies - sleeps on a special pad
+When he starts to wet, the water content triggers a bell and the ringing wakes the child up
+Bell in this case - unconditioned stimuli
+
+## == Operant Conditioning ==
+
+People learn to do certain things and not to do others, because of the results
+They learn from the consequences of their actions
+Studying - positive operant behavior = good grades. Not studying - negative operant behavior = bad grades.
+
+## == Primary Reinforcers ==
+
+Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism
+Food, water, adequate warmth can all be seen as primary reinforcers
+Do not need to be taught to value these reinforcers
+
+## == Ratio Schedule ==
+
+Desired response is reinforced every time. It is a 1:1 ratio of response to reinforcement.
+If a response must occur five times before it is reinforced, the ratio is 5:1
+For fun: try to guess the ratio schedule of a slot machine, scratch ticket, lottery ticket...