### == The Age of Napoleon ==

Began as a Jacobin
Early military victories
	- At home he led rebel defeats, abroad he gained lands in Italy and won against Austria
		- By 1797, with Napoleon's leadership Austria left the war
		- Only England left, targeted Egypt
	- Expedition to Egypt failed, but kept from French citizens

### == A Coup D'Etat ==

As the Directory grew weak, one member planned to write a new constitution
	- Asked Napoleon to help
With military support, the Directory was overthrown
Napoleon pushed them all aside
	- In 1799 he issued his own constitution
		- Ruled by one man
		- First consul Napoleon Bonaparte

### == Napoleon Becomes Emperor ==

Napoleon submitted his constitution to a vote
	- Had plebiscite (popular) support
In 1801, Napoleon named himself emperor
	- Had plebiscite support
	- He asked the pope to preside at the ceremony
	- He famously took the crown from the pope's hands and placed it on his own head
		- He owed his position to no one

### == Napoleon Establishes Peace ==

With the Treaty of Amiens, France made peace with England
	- Europe was at peace
Used flattery and bribery to maintain his position
	- Amnesty to old political factions
Employed people based on talent
	- Required that people be loyal only to him
Ruthless to all opposition
	- Employed secret police
	- Quelled royalist rebellions
Created opportunities to destroy enemies
	- A royalist plot on his life was used as an excuse to attack the Jacobins

### == Napoleon's Changes as Emperor ==

Economy
	- Price controls
	- Roads, canals, public schools
Socially
	- Napoleonic Code: a code of laws with Enlightenment ideas
		- Protected property rights
		- Nobility remained abolished
		- Conservative towards workers and women
Made peace with the Catholic Church
	- Concordat of 1801
		- Revolutionary clergy had to resign
		- Church had to give up claims to confiscated land
		- Still some state appointed bishops and priests but pope gave spiritual authority

### == Support for Napoleon ==

Napoleon was very popular
	- Invited emigres back to France
	- Recognized peasants rights to land they had bought during the Revolution
	- Middle class benefitted from a better economy