MING - Primarily Chinese - Open trade with Europe (conditional) - Time of year - Can only trade in Macao - Under trade supervision - 1st example of capitalism - Don't want European goods - Want European gold instead QING - Primarily Mongolian - Want European crops (wheat, corn, barley) == European Colonies in North America == Did not encounter large, unified empires of Native Americans - Many were aided by the Natives Did not have easy access to precious metals - Had to focus on using other natural resources like wood, fish, fur, and farming Established later, beginning in the 1600s == France and England Get In On The Action == New France - France sent explorers to North America - Jacques Cartier explored the St Lawrence River - Claimed it for France - Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent French colony in Quebec in 1608 - Found trading fur and fishing was more profitable than farming - Population grew slowly English Colonies - Focused on the Atlantic Coast - First permanent settlement in Virginia at Jamestown - Starvation and disease a threat - Began growing cash-crops like tobacco - Unlike the French colonies, some English came for religious freedom - Pilgrims arrived in the 1620s, signed the mayflower compact - Different economies developed according to the region == French and Indian War == England and France both wanted control of the Ohio River Valley - French built a fort, English militia attacked - Both sides rallied Native Americans for support - The British defeated the French when they captured Quebec Results: Treaty of Paris - Britain got all of Canada from the French and Florida from the Spanish - Spain got the Louisiana Purchase - New France disappeared == The Age of Early European Explorations and Conquests == -- Earlier Explorations -- 1. Islam & the Spice Trade -> Malacca 2. A New Player -> Europe - Marco Polo, 1271 - Expansion becomes a state enterprise -> monarchs had the authority & the resources - Better seaworthy ships -- Motives for European Exploration -- 1. Crusades -> by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia 2. Renaissance -> curiosity about other lands and peoples 3. Reformation -> refugees & missionaries 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue 5. Techbological advances -- 3 G's of Exploration -- - God, Gold, and Glory - God: Many of the people in unexplored lands were "heathens" who could be converted to Christianity - Gold: New routes and land meant riches for the people and countries who discovered them - Glory: Great fame for the explorers -- New Maritime Technologies -- Hartman Astrolabe Better Maps Sextant Mariner's Compass Caravel - Portuguese ship Flintlock pistols -- Prince Henry, the Navigator -- School for Navigation, 1419 -- Portuguese Maritime Empire -- 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498 - Calicut 4 Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511) == Pre-Columbian Civilizations == Olmec | V Maya | V Aztec Mayans - Location: Yucatan Peninsula - Tropical climate, used slash and burn agriculture Classic period from 250 AD to 900 AD - Made up of many city-states, was run by a hereditary king - Fought with each other for territory and power == Mayan Culture == Beauty - Prized flat foreheads and pointy teeth Accurate calendar - The most sophisticated in the ancient world - Accomplished astronomers as well, could accurately predict eclipses and other events Polytheistic - Worshipped nature gods and practiced human sacrifice Most advanced writing system in the New World == Trade and downfall == Mayans traded extensively - especially cocoa beans - mostly by sea - evidence of goods from halfway across the globe Cities abandoned - around 900 AD - drought, overpopulation, exhaustion of resources and warfare - 1 million people still speak Mayan languages == Aztecs == Location - Controlled an empire in south-central Mexico - Major city Tenochtitlan in the same place as Mexico City - Saw an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its mouth - Farme dcorn, beans, squash, potatoes, etc Height of power: 1400s and 1500s - Warlike culture helped them conquer nearby groups and demanded tribute from them - 500 small states with 5-6 million people == Culture == Bustling market places were at the center of the economy - 50,000 people came out on major market days Religion - Polytheistic, a weak sun-god Nanauatl - Aztecs believed they had to make sacrafices to keep him moving - Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, created man - Fair skinned, light eyes and red hair, Aztecs believed he would come again == Cortes defeats the Aztecs == As a landowner in Cuba, he heard about wealth in Mexico - Went for the 3 G's - God, gold, and glory Aided by Malinche - Native American, born to a chief and well educated - Given as a slave to Cortes - Played a key role in Spanish history - Her name is synonomous with traitor in Mexico == Cortes took advantage of disunity == Many groups were unhappy with their Aztec overlords - Malinche was aware of this problem and told Cortes - Cortes made alliances Malinche also set up a meeting with Moctezuma - Moctezuma thought the Spanish may have been gods - Gave them lavish gifts, housed them in the palace Cortes imprisoned Moctezuma in his own palace - Under Alvarado, the Spanish killed the Aztecs during a religious festival - Smallpox also decimated the Aztecs By 1521, the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and killed the last emperor == The Inca == Location: the Andes Mountains of Chile and Peru - Used terrace farming, naturally rich in gold and silver Advanced architecture - Withstood high altitude and natural disasters - No mortar used - 14,000 miles of road Unique communication - Through a series of knotted ropes == History repeats itself == Stories of a gold rich kingdom attracted conquistador Pizarro - The Inca King Atahualpa was tricked into a "peaceful meeting" - He was then kidnapped by Pizarro and his men for random - Aatahualpa's people paid the equivalent of 50 million dollars - The spanish strangled him anyway == Effects of the conquestadors == Huge new Empire for Spain - Great wealth and power as well Massive loss of life for Natives - Many doubted their gods - Survivors were enslaved Forever changed the cultural and economic landscape == Portugal Establishes Trading Posts == - Sailed around Africa to access the spice islands - Built coastal forts - Why? - A place to stop, repair, and restock - Trade for ivory, gold, slaves, etc - Not colonies, just forts - Took over trade in existing cities - Mombasa and Malindi, expelled Arabs - Did not go inland - Limited knowledge and resources - Repelled by Africans - As a result, the Portuguese Empire declined by 1600 == From Spices to Slaves == - Slaves have been used for centuries by peoples all over the world - in the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans became involved with the African Slave Trade - Why? - Profitable - Labor needed on plantations in the New World == How did Europeans obtain Slaves? == - African groups on the coast would go to war with groups inside Africa - Captives/enemies would be captured and sold at the coast - Europeans would give them textiles, rum, tobacco, and most importantly weapons and gunpowder == African Resistance == - Affonso I: King of Kongo - Brought Christianity to the Kongo but could not end the slave trade - Religious leader of the Futa Toro forbade the transport of slaves through their land - Traders used a new route, slaves were sold just as easily - Ex: Oyo Empire - Built an army using slave trade wealth, used it to conquer neighboring peoples == Outher countries follow Portugal's example == - The Dutch established a permanent settlement in Cape Town (S. Africa) - Religion led them to see africans as inferior - CALVINISTS (believed they were the chosen ones) - French set up a fort in W. Africa by 1700 - England sponsored exploration in Africa along the Nile == Portugal builds their empire in the east == - Portuguese explorers had been the first to find a sea route to India - Also the first to seize control there - Mughal Empire (Muslims) controlled N. India - Albuquerque and other Portuguese explorers made alliances with the southern Indian princes - Took control of the island of Goa and Malacca - Portugal created a trading empire by building "outposts" - Controlled the spice trade in the 1500s - Attempted to convert the natives, but harsh methods were not successful == The Dutch == - From the Netherlands, a small country in Northern Europe - A successful voyage in 1599 led the Dutch to increase trading - Their settlement at Cape Town gave them access to the Spice Islands - Dutch East India Company was formed - Had the power to control its ports and negotiations unlike other traders - Dominated the region - The Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese - Opened trade with China - Had a monopoly on spice island trade in the 1600s - Declined when the power of England and France grew == The Spanish == - Magellan had claimed the Philippines on his voyage around the globe - The islands were not united, easily conquered - Named for King Philip II of Spain - Missionaries tried to convert them to Catholicism - Acted as a link for Spanish trade - Silver from American colonies traded for Chinese goods == Mughals Fall, British Rise == - A number of factors weakened the Mughal - Civil war, corruption - The French and British both established East India Companies like the Dutch - Also raised armies of sepoys - British eventually control india