125 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
125 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
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James I
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Charles I
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Oliver Cromwell
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Charles II
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James II
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# {} Build up to the Civil War
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## == King vs Parliament ==
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By 1500s
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- Rights of Parliament
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- Approve new taxes
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- pass laws
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- advise monarchs
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- Rights of Kings
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- Summon and dismiss Parliament
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- Foreign policy
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- name officials and judges
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- control the Church of England
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## == James 1 ==
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Elizabeth's cousin, James Stuart came to power after her death
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Unlike the Tudors, James pressed the issue of divine right
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- Did not believe that he should have to consult parliament
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- Parliament, especially the House of Commons, resisted the control of an absolute monarch
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### == James Avoids Parliament ==
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James decided to call them as little as possible
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- Had to find new ways of collecting revenue
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- Levied new custom duties called impositions
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- Insisted on living an extravagant lifestyle
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- Conflicts with Puritans as well
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## == Charles I ==
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Charles I inherited the throne in 1625
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- Much like his father
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- Divine right, absolute monarch
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- Pressed the citizens for more money
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- Tried to collect discontinued taxes, property owners were forced to pay "forced loans" - imprisoned those who did not pay
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- Imprisoned dissidents without trial
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1628: need for funds required him to call Parliament
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## == The Petition of Right ==
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Parliament assembled and presented Charles I with the Petition of Right
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- Required him to sign it before they would approve any new taxes
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- The Petition:
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- No new taxes w/o Parliament's consent, no forced loans
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- King could not jail anyone without legal justification
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- King could not quarter troops in private homes
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Charles signed the petition, but then dissolved Parliament
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- Ignored the petition and did not call Parliament again for 11 years
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## == Charles vs Puritans ==
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Could have ruled without Parliament but...
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- Charles and Archbishop Laud put reforms in Anglican Church
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- Forced clergy to follow strict rules
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- Some thought he was trying to bring back Catholic rituals
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- Tried to impose Anglican practices in Calvinist Scotland - the Book of Common Prayer
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- Caused a border skirmish which Charles needed money for
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## == The Long Parliament ==
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The Long Parliament began in November 1640 and lasted until 1660
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- Concerned with limiting the King's power
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- Abolished the royal courts
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- No more than 3 years could elapse between the meetings
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- Tried and executed the kings' chief ministers, Laud among them
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- Declared Parliament could not be dissolved without their own consent
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## == Charles vs Parliament ==
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Parliament condemned Charles as a tyrant
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Charles struck back
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- In 1642, he brought troops into Parliament
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- Meant to arrest certain opponents
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# {} The Civil War
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## == Civil War ==
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Cavaliers vs Roundheads
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- The King's army was known as the Cavaliers - mounted aristocrats
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- House of Commons passed the Militia Ordinance
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- Allowed parliament to have an army of their own
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- Known as roundheads
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- English Civil War began (1642-1649)
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## == Cromwell Organizes the Roundheads ==
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Organized the Roundhead army according to skill rather than rank/social status
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- New Model Army
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The Cavaliers were defeated militarily by 1645
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Charles was put on trial in 1648 and executed in 1649
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## == The British Commonwealth ==
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The House of Commons then abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Anglican Church
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A Puritan Republic was established under Cromwell
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- Led to an uprising in Ireland and Scotland
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- Cromwell crushed the uprising and exiled Catholics
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- Levellers caused problems by calling for equality across classes and the sexes
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# {} Aftermath
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## == Lord Protector ==
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Cromwell dissolved Parliament when they asked him to disband his army, named himself "Lord Protector" in 1654
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- Became a dictator in practice through his military control
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Changes were also made to reflect strict Puritan views
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- Set aside Sunday for religious observance
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- Closed theaters and taverns
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- Encouraged education and marriage
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## == The Commonwealth Ends ==
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Cromwell died in 1658, and Puritan control waned
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- Many tired of strict rules
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"Restoration" - new parliament placed Charles II on the throne
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- Agreed to respect the Petition of Right
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- England reverted back to the status quo of 1652
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- Re-established the Church of England
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- Also sympathized with Catholics, Parliament passed the Test Act against him
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