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# {} Before Peter
### == Stuck in the Past ==
Russia was still very medieval
- Isolated from many of the developments in Europe
- Unaffected by the European Renaissance
Romanov Dynasty began in 1613, centralized authority under a Tsar
- Nobles had elected Michael Romanov
- He and his successors brought stability and some centralization
# {} Peter & Modernization
### == Peter the Great ==
Only 10 in 1682 when he came to the throne
- Shared it with his brother Ivan until his death in 1696
- Tumultuous beginning to his reign
- Convinced he must secure power from the streltsy and boyars and increase the Russian Military
1697 he journeyed throughout Europe
- Especially impressed by the maritime powers
- Recruited a group and brought them back to Russia
- Used them to westernize his country
### == Modernizing by Force ==
Enforced autocratic rule - rule with unlimited authority
- Forced the boyars to be civil or military officials (Table of Ranks)
Cultural changes as well
- Russian style made them the butt jokes in Europe
- Boyars were forced to shave their bears, wear western style clothes, and mix with women in public
- To ensure noble cooperation, he strengthened noble control over their lands
- Stricter control over serfs spread the practice
- Some serfs were used by his government as well - soldiers and laborers
### == Might Makes Right ==
Pushed through reforms modeled after the west
- Technology, education, simplified alphabet
- Mercantilist policies: encouraged exports and manufacturing
- A trade surplus is necessary for healthy economy
Put down resistance with gruesome displays
Expanded his control to include the church
- Abolished the patriarch, set up the Holy Synod which would govern the church with his influence
### == Expanding Russian Influence ==
Military - largest standing army in Europe and a modern navy
- Goal: attain a warm water port on the Black Sea
- Unable to defeat the Ottomans
- Defeated the Swedes in the Great Northern War and ports on the Baltic and a place in European politics
- Won lands to the west north of Manchuria and sent explorers along the Bering Strait
Built St. Petersburg
- Constructed "window to the west" on the Baltic sea
### == Was Peter Successful? ==
Attained warm water ports
Built a large army and modern navy
Increased power over nobles
- Some ground was lost after his death
Expanded holdings to the pacific
Left no heir
Serfdom increased
- Widened the gap with Western Europe

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# {} Before Louis
#### -- Henry IV Brings Peace --
Reformed France
- In doing so, expanded his influence into every part of French life
- Drained swamps, built or restored roads and bridges
- Removed corrupt or incompetent officials
- Reclaimed lands that had been taken by nobility, strictly collected taxes
- Reduced noble influence, thereby extending his own
#### -- Cardinal Richelieu --
Henry IV was assassinated, leaving the throne to Louis XIII, who was 9
- Cardinal Richelieu became the chief minister, set to work strengthening the King's power
- In escennce, he ruled France from 1624 to 1642
- Took away power from the nobles, increased their dependence on the king
- Sent out indentants
- 1641 - An edict took away the independent power of the parlements
#### -- Cardinal Mazarin --
Louis XIV inherited the throne at only 5 years old in 1643
Cardinal Mazarin picked up where Richelieu had left off (died in 1642)
- Continued to advice Louis XIV after he came of age
- Helped the throne gain power by establishing an efficient administration
# {} Louis XIV
#### -- The "Sun King" --
Louis took power at the age of 23
Believed that he had a divine right to rule
- Claimed the sun as his symbol
- Absolute power in war, peace, religion, and economy
- "I'etat, c'est moi - I am the state"
- Images of the sun were found everywhere
Goals
- Make the monarchy powerful, but give nobles influence locally
- Never once called the Estates General
- Built the strongest army in Europe
- Appointed intendants
- Collected taxes, recruited soldiers, carried out policy
- Middle class, loyal families
#### -- Jean-Baptiste Colbert --
Raised to finance minister
- Taxes helped financed the king's wars and lifestyle
- Utilized mercantilism
- Used tarrifs to protect domestic industry
- Built up luxury goods industry in France
- Encouraged emigration to New France, source of raw materials
Brought great wealth, not enough to outweigh huge expenses
#### -- Building Versailles --
Began as a royal hunting lodge
Louis XIV transformed it to the most opulent palace in France
- Made it the seat of government
- Symbolized his wealth and power
- Daily life revolved around him like planets around the sun
= Immortalized himself as various Greek and Roman gods
Rituals like the levee kept nobles competing for power
- These rituals were the only time many nobles got to make their requests of the king
#### -- Louis XIV's reign --
72 year reign made France the most powerful country in Europe
Louis tried to expand France's borders and influence
- Other countries came together to keep the balance of power
- Made several alliances against France
- War of the Spanish Succession, they prevented the unification of France and Spain with the Grand Alliance
#### -- Long Reign and the Ugly Side of Louis XIV --
Renewed persecution of the Huguenots
- 1685: revoked the Edict of Nantes
- 100,000 Huguenots left France
- Lost many skilled workers and prosperous subjects
- A blow to the French economy and France's reputation

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# == CHAPTER 15 - AGE OF ABSOLUTISM ==
# {} Chronology
- ca 1500-1650 - Consolidation of Serfdom in Eastern Europe
- 1533-1584 - Reign of Ivan the Terrible in Russia
- 1589-1610 - Reign of Henry IV in France
- 1598-1613 - Time of Troubles in France
- 1620-1740 - Growth of Absolutism in Austria and Prussia
- 1642-1649 - English Civil War, which ends with execution of Charles I
- 1643-1715 - Reign of Louis XIV in France
- 1653-1658 - Military rule in England under Oliver Cromwell (the Protectorate)
- 1660 - Restoration of English Monarchy under Charles II
- 1665-1683 - Jean-Baptiste Colbert applies mercantilism to France
- 1670 - Charles II agrees to re-Catholicize England in secret agreement with Louis XIV
- 1670-1671 - Cossack revolt led by Stenka Razin
- ca. 1680-1750 - Construction of absolutist palaces
- 1682 - Louis moves courts to Versailles
- 1682-1725 - Reign of Peter the Great in Russia
- 1683-1718 - Habsburgs push the Ottoman Turks from Hungary
- 1685 - Edict of Nantes revoked in France
- 1688-1889 - Glorious Revolution in England
- 1701-1713 - War of the Spanish Succession
# {} Seventeenth Century Crisis and Rebuilding
Referred to as the Age of Crisis
- Religious
- Social
- Political
- etc
Led to expansion of government, taxation, and military
## == The Social Order and Peasant Life ==
Social hierarchy in most countries:
Monarch
Clergy (catholic countries)
Nobility
Merchants
Artisans
Peasants
In Western Europe many peasants owned land
In Eastern Europe most peasants were serfs
## == Famine and Economic Crisis ==
Change in climate led to food shortages (just like before and during the plague)

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James I
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II
James II
# {} Build up to the Civil War
## == King vs Parliament ==
By 1500s
- Rights of Parliament
- Approve new taxes
- pass laws
- advise monarchs
- Rights of Kings
- Summon and dismiss Parliament
- Foreign policy
- name officials and judges
- control the Church of England
## == James 1 ==
Elizabeth's cousin, James Stuart came to power after her death
Unlike the Tudors, James pressed the issue of divine right
- Did not believe that he should have to consult parliament
- Parliament, especially the House of Commons, resisted the control of an absolute monarch
### == James Avoids Parliament ==
James decided to call them as little as possible
- Had to find new ways of collecting revenue
- Levied new custom duties called impositions
- Insisted on living an extravagant lifestyle
- Conflicts with Puritans as well
## == Charles I ==
Charles I inherited the throne in 1625
- Much like his father
- Divine right, absolute monarch
- Pressed the citizens for more money
- Tried to collect discontinued taxes, property owners were forced to pay "forced loans" - imprisoned those who did not pay
- Imprisoned dissidents without trial
1628: need for funds required him to call Parliament
## == The Petition of Right ==
Parliament assembled and presented Charles I with the Petition of Right
- Required him to sign it before they would approve any new taxes
- The Petition:
- No new taxes w/o Parliament's consent, no forced loans
- King could not jail anyone without legal justification
- King could not quarter troops in private homes
Charles signed the petition, but then dissolved Parliament
- Ignored the petition and did not call Parliament again for 11 years
## == Charles vs Puritans ==
Could have ruled without Parliament but...
- Charles and Archbishop Laud put reforms in Anglican Church
- Forced clergy to follow strict rules
- Some thought he was trying to bring back Catholic rituals
- Tried to impose Anglican practices in Calvinist Scotland - the Book of Common Prayer
- Caused a border skirmish which Charles needed money for
## == The Long Parliament ==
The Long Parliament began in November 1640 and lasted until 1660
- Concerned with limiting the King's power
- Abolished the royal courts
- No more than 3 years could elapse between the meetings
- Tried and executed the kings' chief ministers, Laud among them
- Declared Parliament could not be dissolved without their own consent
## == Charles vs Parliament ==
Parliament condemned Charles as a tyrant
Charles struck back
- In 1642, he brought troops into Parliament
- Meant to arrest certain opponents
# {} The Civil War
## == Civil War ==
Cavaliers vs Roundheads
- The King's army was known as the Cavaliers - mounted aristocrats
- House of Commons passed the Militia Ordinance
- Allowed parliament to have an army of their own
- Known as roundheads
- English Civil War began (1642-1649)
## == Cromwell Organizes the Roundheads ==
Organized the Roundhead army according to skill rather than rank/social status
- New Model Army
The Cavaliers were defeated militarily by 1645
Charles was put on trial in 1648 and executed in 1649
## == The British Commonwealth ==
The House of Commons then abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Anglican Church
A Puritan Republic was established under Cromwell
- Led to an uprising in Ireland and Scotland
- Cromwell crushed the uprising and exiled Catholics
- Levellers caused problems by calling for equality across classes and the sexes
# {} Aftermath
## == Lord Protector ==
Cromwell dissolved Parliament when they asked him to disband his army, named himself "Lord Protector" in 1654
- Became a dictator in practice through his military control
Changes were also made to reflect strict Puritan views
- Set aside Sunday for religious observance
- Closed theaters and taverns
- Encouraged education and marriage
## == The Commonwealth Ends ==
Cromwell died in 1658, and Puritan control waned
- Many tired of strict rules
"Restoration" - new parliament placed Charles II on the throne
- Agreed to respect the Petition of Right
- England reverted back to the status quo of 1652
- Re-established the Church of England
- Also sympathized with Catholics, Parliament passed the Test Act against him

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# {} Pre-Revolution
#### Important terms
- Glorious Revolution - invasion of England by William and Mary
- Toleration Act - act of Parliament that granted freedom to Protestant sects but not Catholics
- Bill of Rights - Set up the basis for a constitutional monarchy
## == The Glorious Revolution ==
Charles II brother, James II inherited the throne in 1685
- Openly Catholic, people feared he would make England Catholic again
- Parliament hatched a plan to make sure it didn't happen
In 1688, The Glorious Revolution occurred
- James' daughter and her Dutch Protestant husband (William and Mary) were invited to take the English throne
- They landed with their army, and James fled to France
- Bloodless
## == English Bill of Rights ==
William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights before they were crowned
- They ruled a limited Monarchy
- Ensured Parliament was superior to the new monarchs
- Parliament must be called regularly
- Power of the purse
- Could not interfere in debates or suspend laws
- No Roman Catholic could rule
- Restated basic rights for the English
Toleration Act
- Limited religious freedom for some Protestant sects, not Catholics
# {} Post Revolution
## == Britain Becomes a Constitutional Government ==
A government whose power is limited by law
Political Parties
- At first, class based Tories (aristocrats who promoted tradition) and Whigs (favored Parliament, business, and urban interests)
Cabinet: formed of the leaders of Parliament who played an advisory role to the King
Prime Minister: the head of cabinet
- The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons
- His power later exceeded the monarch
### == Not So Fast... ===
Parliament was not quite an example of democracy
- Landowners still held most of the power (oligarchy)\
- Used it to their advantage, detrimental to poor and landless
- Very few could vote
- Middle class was growing

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### == Characteristics of the Thirty Years War ==
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground
At the beginning, it was Catholics vs Protestants
At the end, it was Habsburg power that was threatened
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
# {} Religious Phases
### == The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 ==
Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia
- The Bohemians hated him
- Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants
- Defenestration of Prague, May 1618
- Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II
### == The Bohemian Phase ==
Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria
- Frederick lost his hands in the fighting
### == The Danish Phase ==
Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance
- Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire
- Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army
- Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north
Edict of Restitution (1629):
- Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552
- Deprived all protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights
German Princes feared Ferdinand, he fired Wallenstein in an effort to calm them
# {} Self-interest Phases
### == The Swedish Phase ==
France and Sweden now get involved
- Both want to stop Habsburg power
- Sweden led the charge
- France priovided support
Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire
- Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein
- Swedish advance was stopped
German princes still feared Ferdinand II
Wallenstein assassinated to appease them
### == The French Phase ==
France and Sweden switched roles
All countries in Europe now participated
This phase was the most destructive
- German towns decimated
- Agriculture collapsed, famine resulted
- 8 million dead, 1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
- Caused massive inflation
- Trade was crippled throughout Europe
# {} End
### == The Peace of Westphalia ==
Political Provisions
- Each German prince became free from any kind of control by the Holy Roman Emperor
- The United Provinces (Dutch Netherlands) became officially independent, so. part remained a sp. possession
- France recieved most of the German speaking province of Alsace-Lorraine
- Sweden got lands in Northern Germany on the baltic & black sea coasts
- Switzerland became totally independent of the Holy Roman Emperor, Swiss Confederation
- Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire
- Brandenburg got important territories on the North Sea and in central Germany