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AP Euro/Chapter 17/The Beginning of the Industrial Age.md

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+## == What is a revolution? ==
+
+An overthrow of a government or social order for a new system
+	- Governmental Overthrow
+		- American Revolution
+		- French Revolution
+	- Social Order
+		- A momentous shift in people's way of live
+		- Usually relating to technology
+		- Industrial revolution
+
+## == Life Before the Industrial Revolution ==
+
+Most people were farmers
+	- Hand-held tools, no electricity
+	- Provided for themselves
+		- Made their own clothes, grew their own food
+	- Traveled by horse and carriage, rarely left home
+
+## == First Agricultural Revolution ==
+
+Over 10,000 years ago
+	- Occurred when people learned to farm
+	- Humanity went from hunter-gatherers to living in settled villages
+	- Improved quality of life but after farming stayed mostly the same
+
+## == A Chain Reaction ==
+
+Uncertain food supply and a high population
+	- Poor harvests meant high prices
+		- French Revolution
+During the 18th century, prices rose steadily
+	- Only benefitted wealthy landowners
+	- Farmers began to innovate
+
+## == Changes to Farming First ==
+
+In the 1700s, the Dutch made changes
+	- Dikes
+	- Combined fields
+	- Fertilized with manure
+English made improvements as well
+	- Mixed soils
+	- Different crop rotations
+		- Clover and turnips
+	- Tull's seed drill
+Enclosure system
+	- In the Middle Ages, peasants shared land for grazing
+	- By the 1700s, farmers claimed that land and surrounded it with fences
+		- Bigger fields meant more output
+
+## == Upsetting the Social Order ==
+
+Changing goals
+	- Old goal: produce enough for local food supply
+	- New goal: pursue a profit
+Many peasants were displaced by enclosure
+	- Independent operations had required grazing in communal fields
+
+## == Better Farms Mean... ==
+
+More food ->
+	- More population
+		- Doubled in England in a century
+	- Less need for farmers
+Many peasants lost their jobs
+	- Migrated to the city in search of work
+
+## == Better Farming + New Technology ==
+
+Coal
+	- Energy
+		- The steam and condensation operated pumps and other machinery
+Iron
+	- Coal was used to smelt better quality iron
+		- Burned hotter
+	- Molten iron purified and poured into forms - cheaper and more versatile
+	- The iron itself was put to use in steam engines, bridges, and other industrial projects
+
+## == Improving Textile Production ==
+
+From the putting-out system to factories
+	- Putting-out system: system before the industrial revolution where peasants made cloth in their homes
+	- Cottage industry
+	- slow
+New inventions sped up the process
+	- Flying shuttle and Water Frame - fast weaving
+	- Spinning Jenney - fast spinning
+	- Cotton Gin - cleaned cotton at a fast rate
+Factories were born
+	- Why?
+		- Machines were too big/expensive for home use
+		- Large sheds were built to house them and people would come to use them
+	- Built near running water to use as energy
+	- Produced huge quantities
+		- Cotton was 50% of English exports by 1830
+
+## == Transportation ==
+
+Needed better ways to transport goods
+	- Entrepreneurs built turnpikes, canals, and bridges
+		- Made money by charging for their use or benefitting from increased trade
+		- Canals important until trains surpassed them
+Steam Locomotive
+	- Used a steam engine to power new trains
+	- Could take a more direct route than rivers
+	- Cheap and fast
+	- First line completed in England in 1830
+
+## == A Positive Chain Reaction ==
+
+New machines
+Cheaper goods
+More consumers
+More demand for products
+
+## == It Began in Britain ==
+
+Location
+	- An island with many rivers
+		- Good for trade and water power
+Natural Resources
+	- Plentiful in coal and iron
+		- Used for energy and construction
+Population
+	- A skilled, plentiful workforce
+	- A need/desire for goods
+		- First fashion industry
+A wealthy middle class
+	- Overseas investments
+	- Entrepreneurs had money to invest
+		- Sound banking and credit
+Stable government and strong navy
+	- Good conditions for trade
+	- Could protect their exports
+Functioning religion that promotes tolerance
+Overseas colonies