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== What is a revolution? ==
An overthrow of a government or social order for a new system - Governmental Overthrow - American Revolution - French Revolution - Social Order - A momentous shift in people's way of live - Usually relating to technology - Industrial revolution
== Life Before the Industrial Revolution ==
Most people were farmers - Hand-held tools, no electricity - Provided for themselves - Made their own clothes, grew their own food - Traveled by horse and carriage, rarely left home
== First Agricultural Revolution ==
Over 10,000 years ago - Occurred when people learned to farm - Humanity went from hunter-gatherers to living in settled villages - Improved quality of life but after farming stayed mostly the same
== A Chain Reaction ==
Uncertain food supply and a high population - Poor harvests meant high prices - French Revolution During the 18th century, prices rose steadily - Only benefitted wealthy landowners - Farmers began to innovate
== Changes to Farming First ==
In the 1700s, the Dutch made changes - Dikes - Combined fields - Fertilized with manure English made improvements as well - Mixed soils - Different crop rotations - Clover and turnips - Tull's seed drill Enclosure system - In the Middle Ages, peasants shared land for grazing - By the 1700s, farmers claimed that land and surrounded it with fences - Bigger fields meant more output
== Upsetting the Social Order ==
Changing goals - Old goal: produce enough for local food supply - New goal: pursue a profit Many peasants were displaced by enclosure - Independent operations had required grazing in communal fields
== Better Farms Mean... ==
More food -> - More population - Doubled in England in a century - Less need for farmers Many peasants lost their jobs - Migrated to the city in search of work
== Better Farming + New Technology ==
Coal - Energy - The steam and condensation operated pumps and other machinery Iron - Coal was used to smelt better quality iron - Burned hotter - Molten iron purified and poured into forms - cheaper and more versatile - The iron itself was put to use in steam engines, bridges, and other industrial projects
== Improving Textile Production ==
From the putting-out system to factories - Putting-out system: system before the industrial revolution where peasants made cloth in their homes - Cottage industry - slow New inventions sped up the process - Flying shuttle and Water Frame - fast weaving - Spinning Jenney - fast spinning - Cotton Gin - cleaned cotton at a fast rate Factories were born - Why? - Machines were too big/expensive for home use - Large sheds were built to house them and people would come to use them - Built near running water to use as energy - Produced huge quantities - Cotton was 50% of English exports by 1830
== Transportation ==
Needed better ways to transport goods - Entrepreneurs built turnpikes, canals, and bridges - Made money by charging for their use or benefitting from increased trade - Canals important until trains surpassed them Steam Locomotive - Used a steam engine to power new trains - Could take a more direct route than rivers - Cheap and fast - First line completed in England in 1830
== A Positive Chain Reaction ==
New machines Cheaper goods More consumers More demand for products
== It Began in Britain ==
Location - An island with many rivers - Good for trade and water power Natural Resources - Plentiful in coal and iron - Used for energy and construction Population - A skilled, plentiful workforce - A need/desire for goods - First fashion industry A wealthy middle class - Overseas investments - Entrepreneurs had money to invest - Sound banking and credit Stable government and strong navy - Good conditions for trade - Could protect their exports Functioning religion that promotes tolerance Overseas colonies