137 lines
3.9 KiB
Markdown
137 lines
3.9 KiB
Markdown
## == What is a revolution? ==
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An overthrow of a government or social order for a new system
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- Governmental Overthrow
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- American Revolution
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- French Revolution
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- Social Order
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- A momentous shift in people's way of live
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- Usually relating to technology
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- Industrial revolution
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## == Life Before the Industrial Revolution ==
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Most people were farmers
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- Hand-held tools, no electricity
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- Provided for themselves
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- Made their own clothes, grew their own food
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- Traveled by horse and carriage, rarely left home
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## == First Agricultural Revolution ==
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Over 10,000 years ago
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- Occurred when people learned to farm
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- Humanity went from hunter-gatherers to living in settled villages
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- Improved quality of life but after farming stayed mostly the same
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## == A Chain Reaction ==
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Uncertain food supply and a high population
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- Poor harvests meant high prices
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- French Revolution
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During the 18th century, prices rose steadily
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- Only benefitted wealthy landowners
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- Farmers began to innovate
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## == Changes to Farming First ==
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In the 1700s, the Dutch made changes
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- Dikes
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- Combined fields
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- Fertilized with manure
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English made improvements as well
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- Mixed soils
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- Different crop rotations
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- Clover and turnips
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- Tull's seed drill
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Enclosure system
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- In the Middle Ages, peasants shared land for grazing
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- By the 1700s, farmers claimed that land and surrounded it with fences
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- Bigger fields meant more output
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## == Upsetting the Social Order ==
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Changing goals
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- Old goal: produce enough for local food supply
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- New goal: pursue a profit
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Many peasants were displaced by enclosure
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- Independent operations had required grazing in communal fields
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## == Better Farms Mean... ==
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More food ->
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- More population
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- Doubled in England in a century
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- Less need for farmers
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Many peasants lost their jobs
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- Migrated to the city in search of work
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## == Better Farming + New Technology ==
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Coal
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- Energy
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- The steam and condensation operated pumps and other machinery
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Iron
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- Coal was used to smelt better quality iron
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- Burned hotter
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- Molten iron purified and poured into forms - cheaper and more versatile
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- The iron itself was put to use in steam engines, bridges, and other industrial projects
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## == Improving Textile Production ==
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From the putting-out system to factories
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- Putting-out system: system before the industrial revolution where peasants made cloth in their homes
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- Cottage industry
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- slow
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New inventions sped up the process
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- Flying shuttle and Water Frame - fast weaving
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- Spinning Jenney - fast spinning
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- Cotton Gin - cleaned cotton at a fast rate
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Factories were born
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- Why?
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- Machines were too big/expensive for home use
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- Large sheds were built to house them and people would come to use them
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- Built near running water to use as energy
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- Produced huge quantities
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- Cotton was 50% of English exports by 1830
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## == Transportation ==
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Needed better ways to transport goods
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- Entrepreneurs built turnpikes, canals, and bridges
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- Made money by charging for their use or benefitting from increased trade
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- Canals important until trains surpassed them
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Steam Locomotive
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- Used a steam engine to power new trains
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- Could take a more direct route than rivers
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- Cheap and fast
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- First line completed in England in 1830
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## == A Positive Chain Reaction ==
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New machines
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Cheaper goods
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More consumers
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More demand for products
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## == It Began in Britain ==
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Location
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- An island with many rivers
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- Good for trade and water power
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Natural Resources
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- Plentiful in coal and iron
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- Used for energy and construction
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Population
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- A skilled, plentiful workforce
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- A need/desire for goods
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- First fashion industry
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A wealthy middle class
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- Overseas investments
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- Entrepreneurs had money to invest
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- Sound banking and credit
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Stable government and strong navy
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- Good conditions for trade
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- Could protect their exports
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Functioning religion that promotes tolerance
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Overseas colonies |