9.5 KiB
MING - Primarily Chinese - Open trade with Europe (conditional) - Time of year - Can only trade in Macao - Under trade supervision
- 1st example of capitalism
- Don't want European goods
- Want European gold instead
QING - Primarily Mongolian - Want European crops (wheat, corn, barley)
== European Colonies in North America ==
Did not encounter large, unified empires of Native Americans - Many were aided by the Natives Did not have easy access to precious metals - Had to focus on using other natural resources like wood, fish, fur, and farming Established later, beginning in the 1600s
== France and England Get In On The Action ==
New France - France sent explorers to North America - Jacques Cartier explored the St Lawrence River - Claimed it for France - Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent French colony in Quebec in 1608 - Found trading fur and fishing was more profitable than farming - Population grew slowly
English Colonies - Focused on the Atlantic Coast - First permanent settlement in Virginia at Jamestown - Starvation and disease a threat - Began growing cash-crops like tobacco - Unlike the French colonies, some English came for religious freedom - Pilgrims arrived in the 1620s, signed the mayflower compact - Different economies developed according to the region
== French and Indian War ==
England and France both wanted control of the Ohio River Valley - French built a fort, English militia attacked - Both sides rallied Native Americans for support - The British defeated the French when they captured Quebec Results: Treaty of Paris - Britain got all of Canada from the French and Florida from the Spanish - Spain got the Louisiana Purchase - New France disappeared == The Age of Early European Explorations and Conquests ==
-- Earlier Explorations --
- Islam & the Spice Trade -> Malacca
- A New Player -> Europe
- Marco Polo, 1271
- Expansion becomes a state enterprise -> monarchs had the authority & the resources
- Better seaworthy ships
-- Motives for European Exploration --
- Crusades -> by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
- Renaissance -> curiosity about other lands and peoples
- Reformation -> refugees & missionaries
- Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
- Techbological advances
-- 3 G's of Exploration --
- God, Gold, and Glory
- God: Many of the people in unexplored lands were "heathens" who could be converted to Christianity
- Gold: New routes and land meant riches for the people and countries who discovered them
- Glory: Great fame for the explorers
-- New Maritime Technologies -- Hartman Astrolabe Better Maps Sextant Mariner's Compass Caravel - Portuguese ship Flintlock pistols
-- Prince Henry, the Navigator -- School for Navigation, 1419
-- Portuguese Maritime Empire --
- Exploring the west coast of Africa
- Bartolomeo Dias, 1487
- Vasco da Gama, 1498
- Calicut 4 Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511) == Pre-Columbian Civilizations ==
Olmec | V Maya | V Aztec
Mayans - Location: Yucatan Peninsula - Tropical climate, used slash and burn agriculture Classic period from 250 AD to 900 AD - Made up of many city-states, was run by a hereditary king - Fought with each other for territory and power
== Mayan Culture ==
Beauty - Prized flat foreheads and pointy teeth Accurate calendar - The most sophisticated in the ancient world - Accomplished astronomers as well, could accurately predict eclipses and other events Polytheistic - Worshipped nature gods and practiced human sacrifice Most advanced writing system in the New World
== Trade and downfall ==
Mayans traded extensively - especially cocoa beans - mostly by sea - evidence of goods from halfway across the globe Cities abandoned - around 900 AD - drought, overpopulation, exhaustion of resources and warfare - 1 million people still speak Mayan languages
== Aztecs ==
Location - Controlled an empire in south-central Mexico - Major city Tenochtitlan in the same place as Mexico City - Saw an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its mouth - Farme dcorn, beans, squash, potatoes, etc Height of power: 1400s and 1500s - Warlike culture helped them conquer nearby groups and demanded tribute from them - 500 small states with 5-6 million people
== Culture ==
Bustling market places were at the center of the economy - 50,000 people came out on major market days Religion - Polytheistic, a weak sun-god Nanauatl - Aztecs believed they had to make sacrafices to keep him moving - Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, created man - Fair skinned, light eyes and red hair, Aztecs believed he would come again
== Cortes defeats the Aztecs ==
As a landowner in Cuba, he heard about wealth in Mexico - Went for the 3 G's - God, gold, and glory Aided by Malinche - Native American, born to a chief and well educated - Given as a slave to Cortes - Played a key role in Spanish history - Her name is synonomous with traitor in Mexico
== Cortes took advantage of disunity ==
Many groups were unhappy with their Aztec overlords - Malinche was aware of this problem and told Cortes - Cortes made alliances Malinche also set up a meeting with Moctezuma - Moctezuma thought the Spanish may have been gods - Gave them lavish gifts, housed them in the palace Cortes imprisoned Moctezuma in his own palace - Under Alvarado, the Spanish killed the Aztecs during a religious festival - Smallpox also decimated the Aztecs By 1521, the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and killed the last emperor
== The Inca ==
Location: the Andes Mountains of Chile and Peru - Used terrace farming, naturally rich in gold and silver Advanced architecture - Withstood high altitude and natural disasters - No mortar used - 14,000 miles of road Unique communication - Through a series of knotted ropes
== History repeats itself ==
Stories of a gold rich kingdom attracted conquistador Pizarro - The Inca King Atahualpa was tricked into a "peaceful meeting" - He was then kidnapped by Pizarro and his men for random - Aatahualpa's people paid the equivalent of 50 million dollars - The spanish strangled him anyway
== Effects of the conquestadors ==
Huge new Empire for Spain - Great wealth and power as well Massive loss of life for Natives - Many doubted their gods - Survivors were enslaved Forever changed the cultural and economic landscape == Portugal Establishes Trading Posts ==
- Sailed around Africa to access the spice islands
- Built coastal forts
- Why?
- A place to stop, repair, and restock
- Trade for ivory, gold, slaves, etc
- Not colonies, just forts
- Why?
- Took over trade in existing cities
- Mombasa and Malindi, expelled Arabs
- Did not go inland
- Limited knowledge and resources
- Repelled by Africans
- As a result, the Portuguese Empire declined by 1600
== From Spices to Slaves ==
- Slaves have been used for centuries by peoples all over the world
- in the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans became involved with the African Slave Trade
- Why?
- Profitable
- Labor needed on plantations in the New World
- Why?
== How did Europeans obtain Slaves? ==
- African groups on the coast would go to war with groups inside Africa
- Captives/enemies would be captured and sold at the coast
- Europeans would give them textiles, rum, tobacco, and most importantly weapons and gunpowder
== African Resistance ==
-
Affonso I: King of Kongo
- Brought Christianity to the Kongo but could not end the slave trade
-
Religious leader of the Futa Toro forbade the transport of slaves through their land
- Traders used a new route, slaves were sold just as easily
-
Ex: Oyo Empire
- Built an army using slave trade wealth, used it to conquer neighboring peoples
== Outher countries follow Portugal's example ==
- The Dutch established a permanent settlement in Cape Town (S. Africa)
- Religion led them to see africans as inferior
- CALVINISTS (believed they were the chosen ones)
- French set up a fort in W. Africa by 1700
- England sponsored exploration in Africa along the Nile
== Portugal builds their empire in the east ==
- Portuguese explorers had been the first to find a sea route to India
- Also the first to seize control there
- Mughal Empire (Muslims) controlled N. India
- Albuquerque and other Portuguese explorers made alliances with the southern Indian princes
- Took control of the island of Goa and Malacca
- Also the first to seize control there
- Portugal created a trading empire by building "outposts"
- Controlled the spice trade in the 1500s
- Attempted to convert the natives, but harsh methods were not successful
== The Dutch ==
- From the Netherlands, a small country in Northern Europe
- A successful voyage in 1599 led the Dutch to increase trading
- Their settlement at Cape Town gave them access to the Spice Islands
- Dutch East India Company was formed
- Had the power to control its ports and negotiations unlike other traders
- Dominated the region
- The Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese
- Opened trade with China
- Had a monopoly on spice island trade in the 1600s
- Declined when the power of England and France grew
== The Spanish ==
- Magellan had claimed the Philippines on his voyage around the globe
- The islands were not united, easily conquered
- Named for King Philip II of Spain
- Missionaries tried to convert them to Catholicism
- Acted as a link for Spanish trade
- Silver from American colonies traded for Chinese goods
== Mughals Fall, British Rise ==
- A number of factors weakened the Mughal
- Civil war, corruption
- The French and British both established East India Companies like the Dutch
- Also raised armies of sepoys
- British eventually control india