71 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
71 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
- Unconditioned Stimulus - causes a response that is automatic, not learned
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- Unconditioned Response - Salivation in response to meat is not learned, it is natural
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- Conditioned Response - learned response to a stimulus that was previously natural
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- Conditioned Stimulus - Through repeated association w/the meat, the bell became a learned stimulus
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## == Reinforcement ==
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Skinner's Box - rat deprived of food kept pressing the lever - 1st time accidental, it soon learned pressing the lever meant food
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Reinforcement - process by which a stimulus increases the chances that a behavior will occur again
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## == Spontaneous Recovery ==
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Extinguished response is not gone forever
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Organisms sometimes display responses that were extinguished earlier
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Dogs - stopped salivating after bell. However a few days later, when they hear the bell, they salivate again
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Response is a little weaker & there is less saliva
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## == Flooding - Classical Conditioning ==
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Fear of high places, snakes, claustrophobia
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Person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses are extinguished
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Look out several times from a six story building until fear ends. Sit in a room of small, non venomous snakes
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## == Generalization ==
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The act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar, even if the stimuli are not identical
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Pavlov's Circle (CS) was presented with meat (US) - dog salivates at circle
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Any geometric shape close to a circle caused salivation from the dog (generalization)
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## == Discrimination ==
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Dogs weaker response to figures that looked less like a circle is discrimination
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act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other
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bear cub is not afraid of all furry creatures (mouse, squirrel, chipmunk, etc)
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## == Systematic Desensitization ==
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When flooding is too fearful for patients
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Patient is taught relaxation techniques
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They are exposed gradually to the stimulus that they fear while they remain relaxed (shown pictures of snakes)
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## == Counterconditioning ==
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A pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, thus counteracting the fear
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Peter: feared rabbits but loved candy
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Eventually after eating candy, Peter felt comfortable enough to pet the rabbit
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## == Bell and Pad Method for Bed-Wetting ==
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Teaches children to wake up in response to bladder tension
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Child w/ wetting tendencies - sleeps on a special pad
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When he starts to wet, the water content triggers a bell and the ringing wakes the child up
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Bell in this case - unconditioned stimuli
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## == Operant Conditioning ==
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People learn to do certain things and not to do others, because of the results
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They learn from the consequences of their actions
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Studying - positive operant behavior = good grades. Not studying - negative operant behavior = bad grades.
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## == Primary Reinforcers ==
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Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism
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Food, water, adequate warmth can all be seen as primary reinforcers
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Do not need to be taught to value these reinforcers
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## == Ratio Schedule ==
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Desired response is reinforced every time. It is a 1:1 ratio of response to reinforcement.
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If a response must occur five times before it is reinforced, the ratio is 5:1
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For fun: try to guess the ratio schedule of a slot machine, scratch ticket, lottery ticket... |