87 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
87 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
== THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ==
|
|
|
|
Northern Renaissance begins in Flanders
|
|
- A prosperous city in Northern France
|
|
- Was very active in the wool trade, had been coveted by England in the Hundred Years' War
|
|
- Renaissance in the North began there and then spread to the rest of Europe
|
|
- Why?
|
|
- Trade brings in new ideas
|
|
- Wealth for patronage
|
|
|
|
Spreading North
|
|
- The Renaissance in the North was due in large part to the creation of the printing press
|
|
- Before the printing press, every book was copied carefully by hand
|
|
- Few books in Europe, the majority of which were in monasteries as monks did most of the laborious task
|
|
- In the Middle Ages, only a select few could read and write anyway
|
|
- Expansion of schools had led to a more literate upper class, and paper became cheaper to make
|
|
|
|
Effects
|
|
- Books were cheaper and more available
|
|
- More people learned to read
|
|
- People were exposed to a variety of subjects and knowledge
|
|
- Boosted self-esteem
|
|
- Made the literate more critical
|
|
- Could be used to spread messages and propaganda
|
|
|
|
Flemish Painters
|
|
- Jan Van Eyck
|
|
- Painted quaint portrayals of towns religious themes that are exceptionally realistic in their details
|
|
- The Arnolfini Marriage is one of his most famous works
|
|
|
|
- Pieter Bruegel
|
|
- Famous for his portrayal of peasant themes and religious scenes placed in the peasant world
|
|
|
|
- Peter Paul Rubens
|
|
- Combined the realism of the Northern Renaissance with the classical themes of the Renaissance in Italy
|
|
- Well educated in mythology, the Bible, and ancient history
|
|
- A classic humanist
|
|
|
|
- Albrecht Durer
|
|
- "Leonardo of the North"
|
|
- Traveled to Italy as an artist, then returned North
|
|
- A painter famous for his self portraits
|
|
- celebrated his own beauty and genius
|
|
- Imposed his face on an image of Christ - called the birth of the modern artist
|
|
- Applied Italian painting techniques to engravings
|
|
|
|
Northern Humanists
|
|
- Thought a classical education would cause religious and moral reform
|
|
- Erasmus: Most famous humanist of the Northern Renaissance
|
|
- A priest who wanted to reform the church even before the Reformation
|
|
- Sir Thomas More
|
|
- English Humanist
|
|
- Friend of Erasmus, wrote Utopia
|
|
- Describes a perfect civilization based on reason and tolerance
|
|
- All goods are held in common and people are required to earn their bread through work
|
|
- Political advisor to King Henry VIII
|
|
- A trusted diplomat
|
|
- Fell out of favornwhen he disputed the Act of Supremacy and King Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn
|
|
- Francois Rabelais
|
|
- A French Humanist and Renaissance man
|
|
- Monk, physician, Greek scholar and author
|
|
- Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel
|
|
- The epic poem of a gentle giant and his son
|
|
- A comedy, discusses the various people they meet, the sides they take in various conflicts, etc
|
|
- Used it as a medium for social commentary
|
|
- William Shakespeare
|
|
- An English playwright
|
|
- Worked as a teacher for a time, became very educated in Renaissance literature and history
|
|
- Wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613
|
|
- Focused on the importance and potential of the individual
|
|
- Also paid homage to ancient Greece and Rome - wrote plays like Julius Caesar
|
|
- Wrote in Elizabethan England, considered one of the last Renaissance artists
|
|
== THE NEW MONARCHIES ==
|
|
|
|
-- Characteristics of the New Monarchies --
|
|
1. They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order
|
|
2. They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power -> all should accept this without resistance
|
|
3. They enlisted the support of the middle clas in the towns -> tired of the local power of feudal nobles
|
|
4. They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order
|
|
5. They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or "common" law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched
|
|
6. The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties -> what pleases the prince has the force of law
|
|
|
|
England -> Stability under the Tudors
|
|
France -> Consolidation of power
|
|
Spain -> Unification by marriage
|
|
Holy Roman Empire -> Different model: the cost of decentralization
|