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== The Age of Napoleon ==
Began as a Jacobin Early military victories - At home he led rebel defeats, abroad he gained lands in Italy and won against Austria - By 1797, with Napoleon's leadership Austria left the war - Only England left, targeted Egypt - Expedition to Egypt failed, but kept from French citizens
== A Coup D'Etat ==
As the Directory grew weak, one member planned to write a new constitution - Asked Napoleon to help With military support, the Directory was overthrown Napoleon pushed them all aside - In 1799 he issued his own constitution - Ruled by one man - First consul Napoleon Bonaparte
== Napoleon Becomes Emperor ==
Napoleon submitted his constitution to a vote - Had plebiscite (popular) support In 1801, Napoleon named himself emperor - Had plebiscite support - He asked the pope to preside at the ceremony - He famously took the crown from the pope's hands and placed it on his own head - He owed his position to no one
== Napoleon Establishes Peace ==
With the Treaty of Amiens, France made peace with England - Europe was at peace Used flattery and bribery to maintain his position - Amnesty to old political factions Employed people based on talent - Required that people be loyal only to him Ruthless to all opposition - Employed secret police - Quelled royalist rebellions Created opportunities to destroy enemies - A royalist plot on his life was used as an excuse to attack the Jacobins
== Napoleon's Changes as Emperor ==
Economy - Price controls - Roads, canals, public schools Socially - Napoleonic Code: a code of laws with Enlightenment ideas - Protected property rights - Nobility remained abolished - Conservative towards workers and women Made peace with the Catholic Church - Concordat of 1801 - Revolutionary clergy had to resign