obsidian-vault/AP Euro/Chapter 14/Chapter 14.md

MING - Primarily Chinese - Open trade with Europe (conditional) - Time of year - Can only trade in Macao - Under trade supervision

- 1st example of capitalism
	- Don't want European goods
	- Want European gold instead

QING - Primarily Mongolian - Want European crops (wheat, corn, barley)

== European Colonies in North America ==

Did not encounter large, unified empires of Native Americans - Many were aided by the Natives Did not have easy access to precious metals - Had to focus on using other natural resources like wood, fish, fur, and farming Established later, beginning in the 1600s

== France and England Get In On The Action ==

New France - France sent explorers to North America - Jacques Cartier explored the St Lawrence River - Claimed it for France - Samuel de Champlain established the first permanent French colony in Quebec in 1608 - Found trading fur and fishing was more profitable than farming - Population grew slowly

English Colonies - Focused on the Atlantic Coast - First permanent settlement in Virginia at Jamestown - Starvation and disease a threat - Began growing cash-crops like tobacco - Unlike the French colonies, some English came for religious freedom - Pilgrims arrived in the 1620s, signed the mayflower compact - Different economies developed according to the region

== French and Indian War ==

England and France both wanted control of the Ohio River Valley - French built a fort, English militia attacked - Both sides rallied Native Americans for support - The British defeated the French when they captured Quebec Results: Treaty of Paris - Britain got all of Canada from the French and Florida from the Spanish - Spain got the Louisiana Purchase - New France disappeared == The Age of Early European Explorations and Conquests ==

-- Earlier Explorations --

1. Islam & the Spice Trade -> Malacca
2. A New Player -> Europe
   • Marco Polo, 1271
   • Expansion becomes a state enterprise -> monarchs had the authority & the resources
   • Better seaworthy ships

-- Motives for European Exploration --

1. Crusades -> by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
2. Renaissance -> curiosity about other lands and peoples
3. Reformation -> refugees & missionaries
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue
5. Techbological advances

-- 3 G's of Exploration --

• God, Gold, and Glory
  • God: Many of the people in unexplored lands were "heathens" who could be converted to Christianity
  • Gold: New routes and land meant riches for the people and countries who discovered them
  • Glory: Great fame for the explorers

-- New Maritime Technologies -- Hartman Astrolabe Better Maps Sextant Mariner's Compass Caravel - Portuguese ship Flintlock pistols

-- Prince Henry, the Navigator -- School for Navigation, 1419

-- Portuguese Maritime Empire --

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498
   • Calicut 4 Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511) == Pre-Columbian Civilizations ==

Olmec | V Maya | V Aztec

Mayans - Location: Yucatan Peninsula - Tropical climate, used slash and burn agriculture Classic period from 250 AD to 900 AD - Made up of many city-states, was run by a hereditary king - Fought with each other for territory and power

== Mayan Culture ==

Beauty - Prized flat foreheads and pointy teeth Accurate calendar - The most sophisticated in the ancient world - Accomplished astronomers as well, could accurately predict eclipses and other events Polytheistic - Worshipped nature gods and practiced human sacrifice Most advanced writing system in the New World

== Trade and downfall ==

Mayans traded extensively - especially cocoa beans - mostly by sea - evidence of goods from halfway across the globe Cities abandoned - around 900 AD - drought, overpopulation, exhaustion of resources and warfare - 1 million people still speak Mayan languages

== Aztecs ==

Location - Controlled an empire in south-central Mexico - Major city Tenochtitlan in the same place as Mexico City - Saw an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its mouth - Farme dcorn, beans, squash, potatoes, etc Height of power: 1400s and 1500s - Warlike culture helped them conquer nearby groups and demanded tribute from them - 500 small states with 5-6 million people

== Culture ==

Bustling market places were at the center of the economy - 50,000 people came out on major market days Religion - Polytheistic, a weak sun-god Nanauatl - Aztecs believed they had to make sacrafices to keep him moving - Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent, created man - Fair skinned, light eyes and red hair, Aztecs believed he would come again

== Cortes defeats the Aztecs ==

As a landowner in Cuba, he heard about wealth in Mexico - Went for the 3 G's - God, gold, and glory Aided by Malinche - Native American, born to a chief and well educated - Given as a slave to Cortes - Played a key role in Spanish history - Her name is synonomous with traitor in Mexico

== Cortes took advantage of disunity ==

Many groups were unhappy with their Aztec overlords - Malinche was aware of this problem and told Cortes - Cortes made alliances Malinche also set up a meeting with Moctezuma - Moctezuma thought the Spanish may have been gods - Gave them lavish gifts, housed them in the palace Cortes imprisoned Moctezuma in his own palace - Under Alvarado, the Spanish killed the Aztecs during a religious festival - Smallpox also decimated the Aztecs By 1521, the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and killed the last emperor

== The Inca ==

Location: the Andes Mountains of Chile and Peru - Used terrace farming, naturally rich in gold and silver Advanced architecture - Withstood high altitude and natural disasters - No mortar used - 14,000 miles of road Unique communication - Through a series of knotted ropes

== History repeats itself ==

Stories of a gold rich kingdom attracted conquistador Pizarro - The Inca King Atahualpa was tricked into a "peaceful meeting" - He was then kidnapped by Pizarro and his men for random - Aatahualpa's people paid the equivalent of 50 million dollars - The spanish strangled him anyway

== Effects of the conquestadors ==

Huge new Empire for Spain - Great wealth and power as well Massive loss of life for Natives - Many doubted their gods - Survivors were enslaved Forever changed the cultural and economic landscape == Portugal Establishes Trading Posts ==

• Sailed around Africa to access the spice islands
• Built coastal forts
  • Why?
    • A place to stop, repair, and restock
    • Trade for ivory, gold, slaves, etc
    • Not colonies, just forts
• Took over trade in existing cities
  • Mombasa and Malindi, expelled Arabs
• Did not go inland
  • Limited knowledge and resources
  • Repelled by Africans
    • As a result, the Portuguese Empire declined by 1600

== From Spices to Slaves ==

• Slaves have been used for centuries by peoples all over the world
• in the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans became involved with the African Slave Trade
  • Why?
    • Profitable
    • Labor needed on plantations in the New World

== How did Europeans obtain Slaves? ==

• African groups on the coast would go to war with groups inside Africa
• Captives/enemies would be captured and sold at the coast
  • Europeans would give them textiles, rum, tobacco, and most importantly weapons and gunpowder

== African Resistance ==

• Affonso I: King of Kongo

  • Brought Christianity to the Kongo but could not end the slave trade

• Religious leader of the Futa Toro forbade the transport of slaves through their land

  • Traders used a new route, slaves were sold just as easily

• Ex: Oyo Empire

  • Built an army using slave trade wealth, used it to conquer neighboring peoples

== Outher countries follow Portugal's example ==

• The Dutch established a permanent settlement in Cape Town (S. Africa)
  • Religion led them to see africans as inferior
  • CALVINISTS (believed they were the chosen ones)
• French set up a fort in W. Africa by 1700
• England sponsored exploration in Africa along the Nile

== Portugal builds their empire in the east ==

• Portuguese explorers had been the first to find a sea route to India
  • Also the first to seize control there
    • Mughal Empire (Muslims) controlled N. India
    • Albuquerque and other Portuguese explorers made alliances with the southern Indian princes
    • Took control of the island of Goa and Malacca
• Portugal created a trading empire by building "outposts"
  • Controlled the spice trade in the 1500s
  • Attempted to convert the natives, but harsh methods were not successful

== The Dutch ==

• From the Netherlands, a small country in Northern Europe
  • A successful voyage in 1599 led the Dutch to increase trading
  • Their settlement at Cape Town gave them access to the Spice Islands
  • Dutch East India Company was formed
    • Had the power to control its ports and negotiations unlike other traders
    • Dominated the region
• The Dutch took Malacca from the Portuguese
  • Opened trade with China
  • Had a monopoly on spice island trade in the 1600s
  • Declined when the power of England and France grew

== The Spanish ==

• Magellan had claimed the Philippines on his voyage around the globe
  • The islands were not united, easily conquered
  • Named for King Philip II of Spain
  • Missionaries tried to convert them to Catholicism
  • Acted as a link for Spanish trade
    • Silver from American colonies traded for Chinese goods

== Mughals Fall, British Rise ==

• A number of factors weakened the Mughal
  • Civil war, corruption
• The French and British both established East India Companies like the Dutch
  • Also raised armies of sepoys
• British eventually control india